Potential oppotunities n challenges wat doesthe company view as Essay

Potential oppotunities n challenges wat doesthe company view as opportunties and minimize challenges - Essay Example The fast changing environment of technology has necessitated the Hewlett Packard to meet the challenges of emerging new technology in mobile. While HP has been a leader in the computer technology and related areas, it needed to be creative in its diversification and introduce new gadgets to compete with its rivals like Apple Inc, IBM, Sony and Nokia. Palm provided HP with the opportunity to gain a competitive edge against its rivals. The three major opportunities that Palm gained through its merger with HP can be described as below: Brand creation is a major marketing technique that has massive support within and outside the business community and management strategy. ‘Brand building is needed because products are the same’ (Kotler, 2005). The brand name ensures that the product maintains a high standard of excellence at a price that a customer is willing to pay for. Therefore, the brand provides the customer with a quality product which satisfies his needs, making it as one of the key reasons that brands still enjoy the popularity amongst its customers and at the same time, attract fresh clientele. HP is an established international brand and a leader in business computing. Palm is handheld computing device with multiple functions. It is an extremely useful device for executives who are constantly on move and who are looking for gizmos which are small enough to hold in their pockets but powerful enough to be used as computer, or phone or even as an entertainment device, as and when the need arises. Globalization has changed the dynamic of the business and today the professionals need to have all the information at their tip while following a hectic schedule. So the smaller the device which can pack such features, better are its chances of capturing this target group. Hence, Palm’s association with HP would greatly enhance its brand value. Financial considerations are strong motivating factors that promote strategic

Suburb and United States Essay Example for Free

Suburb and United States Essay The Suburbanization of North America although not commonly realized, is indeed one of the most striking features of the 20th century. For North Americans this process has changed where we live and how we live. No longer is the city and countryside completely separate, rather for many of us, these two ideas have formed together into a new urban environment. More people today live in suburbs than cities, and these entities have continued to meld, amalgamate, separate, conjoin and coexist. Consequently, a study of Suburbia and its origins is often subjective. A common definition of a suburb is â€Å"a community within a commuting distance of a central city. † However, this statement doesn’t always hold true as someone who lives in Hamilton or Guelph and commutes to Toronto every day for work probably do not consider themselves residents of Toronto. Massive areas of continuous urban development like Megalopolis in the American north east and southern California are the result of the massive move towards suburbs. The question still remains as to whether suburbs will continue to work for us. The relative prosperity of North America and cheap oil of the 20th century are what allowed suburbia to happen. As for the question of whether Suburbia will continue to remain as the dominant form of living on this continent, only time shall tell. More importantly, it is important to understand the origins and magnitude of Suburbia up to this point in time if one is truly to be prepared for the possible challenges of the future. Although the automobile suburb did not come about to until the 1920s in North America it is important to understand the pre-existing conditions, history and factors that lead to the first ‘modern’ suburbs. Both the United States and Canada were founded as rural colonial hinterlands. Despite the importance of the early towns and cities, at the time of the American Revolution, only one in twenty citizens lived in an urban setting. Alas, the United States was a rural nation of farms, plantations and men living on the frontier. It was in this rural setting that the American mindset was born. Frederick Jackson Turner’s 1893 â€Å"Frontier Thesis† claims that the innovative and individualistic mindset of the archetypical American is a result of the nation’s experience on the western frontier. Consequently, one can see the appeal of the individualistic and country living experience that suburbs would later offer. Despite this rural ideal, the 19th century and industrial revolution witnessed a massive movement towards the industrial city. Much like the future development of suburbia, early industrial expansion was unplanned and chaotic. By 1890 there was 160,000 miles of railroad tracks in the United States and cities like Chicago and New York’s population were exploding as a result of natural increase and millions of immigrants arriving from Europe. These American industrial cities became overcrowded, dirty and miserable for most of the working class. The industrial American city began to resemble its English counterparts from across the Atlantic. Indeed the description of ‘Coketown’ from Charles Dickens’ Hard Times had become migrated across the ocean onto North American shores. The dissatisfaction that came from living in Industrial cities manifested itself in several ways. Firstly, it should be noted that most of these cities were walking cities and main means of transportation was walking from place to place for the poor. Consequently, everything from industry to residences was relatively close to each other and the central business district or CBD. The City Beautiful movement, Sir Ebenezer Howard’s Garden City movement and the creation of Central Park in New York are all examples of yearning for green space and connectedness with nature. These projects and ideas were not only concerned about aesthetics, but rather, they were concerned with promoting social order, civic virtue and increasing the quality of life. So it was that the country and nature would penetrate into the borders of urbanism during the mid to late 19th century. However, as certain technologies became available it would be the country that would begin to be breached by Urbanism. In actuality, the first suburbs were established well before the mass or rapid transit of the late 19th century. Wealthy merchants of the 18th century established the first suburbs in London when they built their second homes within a carriage ride from the city. â€Å"Soon many of these merchants were living permanently outside the cities where their businesses were located. They were creating the first true dormitory suburbs†¦small communities in a near-rural setting. † Horse car suburbs no further than a 30 to 40 minute carriage ride from city were available to the wealthier of citizens whom could afford the 15 to 25 cent round trip fares. Frank Sprague’s perfection of the electric street car in 1888 facilitated a massive suburban explosion of â€Å"streetcar† suburbs. Although considerably more compact in land usage as later suburbs will be seen to use, â€Å"street car† suburbs would lead the charge in centrifugal movement of cities. Established closely to rail lines these residences would provide detached housing that would be impossible for the middle class within the city. Unlike our modern suburbs of today, these developments had little in the way of services. Consequently, people went home to sleep and be with family, as the residents of these new ‘street car’ suburbs’ affairs were all but entirely within the city. There were positive and negative consequences to the massive suburban growth created by the street car. Firstly, the electric street car allowed for someone to live up to ten miles away from the city core and still get to their place of business within 30 minutes. Furthermore, factories like the steel plants in Gary Indiana could now be established outside the city core on ripe land or ‘greenfield sites. This suburbanization of industry â€Å"encompassed a progressively broader cross section of groups, with the result that there began to emerge a differentiation of suburban neighborhoods according to occupation and income. † The massive exodus of middle class citizens from the downtown area changed the way its space was utilized, focusing on non-residential uses of land. Some 80,000 new residenc es were built in Chicago from 1890 to 1920, this massive centrifugal movement of people created opportunities for commercial development along rail junctions. This ultimately had the effect of ending the simple city structure with a single focal point. Before the advent of the automobile era, these street car suburbs of the late 19th and early 20th century had a massive effect on shape and character of a city as the rail lines became the arteries for all commercial, residential and industrial development. The period of suburban infill starting in the 1920s was a result of the success of the internal combustion engine and the industrial processes pioneered by Henry Ford. The aforementioned desire to live the country life and escape the wretches of urbanism did continue into this new period. In fact, the versatility of the car or bus over rail would increase the numbers of people who would and could make a life in suburbia as opposed to the city. Two important components were necessary for the new automobile suburb. The first necessary component was the infrastructure, and chiefly among it, roads. The 1916 Federal Aid Roads Act had the design of making States build and maintain interurban highways, and the subsequent 1921 act helped to provide funds for integrating a long-distance network. Secondly, people needed affordable personal vehicles. Henry Ford’s assembly line production methods had the benefit of greatly improved productivity. Utilizing these methods and economies of scale, Ford was able to lower the price on the model T from 22 months’ average pay in 1909 to only 3 months’ pay by 1925. This had the effect of putting 27 million cars on the road by the end of the 1920s in the United States. The rise in investment for automobiles and roads was tremendous during the 1920s and 1930s, but also remarkable was the lack in investment in mass and rapid transit.

The Apaches :: Native American Indians

The Apaches were American Indians who moved from Canada to Arizona, parts of Colorado, New Mexico, Texas and North America between AD850 and 1400. The Apache were a wandering tribe, so they had two homes. One in the mountains and one in the desert. They lived in their houses for only a short period of time. The women built their houses which were called Wickiups. These were straw domed shaped houses. The Wickiup was only five or six feet high. Outside the Wickiup was covered with bundles of grass and branches. The early Apaches wore deer hide. They soaked the hide in water to make it soft. The men wore breechcloths and moccasins. The women wore skirts in the warm weather and simple dresses in the cold weather. The woman sometimes decorated their clothes with dried porcupine quills. The environment was important for them as they lived off the land a great deal. They lived on lots of wild plants and hunted deer, antelope, elk and buffalo. They also ate prairie dogs, squirrel and rabbits. They would not touch fish or any animals that lived in the water. As they moved around, they had to change how they lived. They picked up the ways of other cultures. For example, some of them rode horses that they discovered through the Spanish. They became fierce horse warriors from the 18th Century. They raided farming villages for food and goods. Environment was important to them because wherever they were they had to get food somehow which they hunted for. As they were on the move they had to adapt how they lived. They picked up the ways of different cultures. e.g. they learnt how to ride horses that they discovered through the spanish. The Chippewa tribe were living around Lakes Superior and Huron (now Quebec, Ontario, Michigan and Minnesota) by the 18th Century. They hunted, fished and gathered plants. They made birch-bark canoes and used the lakes and rivers to travel, so they made use of the environment by using the lakes and rivers as a use of transportation and sometimes food as they fished a lot. Did you know? Did you know there were thirty five thousand people in the Chippewa tribe!? They wore buck skin clothes and moccasins. In the winter they made fur lined shawls and wove turkey down robes. The Apaches :: Native American Indians The Apaches were American Indians who moved from Canada to Arizona, parts of Colorado, New Mexico, Texas and North America between AD850 and 1400. The Apache were a wandering tribe, so they had two homes. One in the mountains and one in the desert. They lived in their houses for only a short period of time. The women built their houses which were called Wickiups. These were straw domed shaped houses. The Wickiup was only five or six feet high. Outside the Wickiup was covered with bundles of grass and branches. The early Apaches wore deer hide. They soaked the hide in water to make it soft. The men wore breechcloths and moccasins. The women wore skirts in the warm weather and simple dresses in the cold weather. The woman sometimes decorated their clothes with dried porcupine quills. The environment was important for them as they lived off the land a great deal. They lived on lots of wild plants and hunted deer, antelope, elk and buffalo. They also ate prairie dogs, squirrel and rabbits. They would not touch fish or any animals that lived in the water. As they moved around, they had to change how they lived. They picked up the ways of other cultures. For example, some of them rode horses that they discovered through the Spanish. They became fierce horse warriors from the 18th Century. They raided farming villages for food and goods. Environment was important to them because wherever they were they had to get food somehow which they hunted for. As they were on the move they had to adapt how they lived. They picked up the ways of different cultures. e.g. they learnt how to ride horses that they discovered through the spanish. The Chippewa tribe were living around Lakes Superior and Huron (now Quebec, Ontario, Michigan and Minnesota) by the 18th Century. They hunted, fished and gathered plants. They made birch-bark canoes and used the lakes and rivers to travel, so they made use of the environment by using the lakes and rivers as a use of transportation and sometimes food as they fished a lot. Did you know? Did you know there were thirty five thousand people in the Chippewa tribe!? They wore buck skin clothes and moccasins. In the winter they made fur lined shawls and wove turkey down robes.

Culture Makes Better Future Essay

Culture is sort of like history or evolution. People make the mistake of assuming history has a purpose or that evolution has a purpose. But in reality, history is just an aggregate of facts and opinions about the past. History, or the march of civilization, has no direction, no goal. Yes, we seem to be â€Å"improving† ourselves by certain metrics but that isn’t an a priori requirement. Evolution is also not striving towards any particular direction. We are not at the cutting edge of evolution in any sense. If in a million years, the organism that can survive on Earth best is an amoeba, then amoebae will be the dominant species on the planet. It’s not a better or worse situation (except maybe for us), it just is. Similarly it is not culture’s job to create a better future. What does â€Å"better† even mean? Better for whom? At what cost for other entities? I imagine some cultures might like to take things slow and enjoy life, while others might believe in long work hours and competitiveness. Who’s the arbiter of better or worse here? Some culture might devalue women to the extent that it loses too many of them and isn’t able to effectively propagate itself, effectively dying out. I’m sure people from that culture wouldn’t be happy about that, although it’s â€Å"good† in some universal sense. Culture exists to propagate itself, not to do any good or bad for the people who follow it. My thoughts here are more or less para-phrasings of the discussion on ‘memes’ from ‘The Selfish Gene’. Culture at best, creates a feeling of societal cohesion, a generalized patriotism that can compel its members to perform better against other cultures. I don’t think it makes any sense in asking if culture is good for youth and country because that assumes that there is an alternative to culture, a state of diminished culture, or non-culture. That’s not going to happen ever. Culture doesn’t allow a vacuum to exist; something always rushes in to take up the empty space. You might mean instead mean to ask about the importance of a country’s indigenous culture for that country’s progress, in the context of foreign culture having undesired influences. To that I say, let the fittest survive. I don’t believe in feeling guilty or upset about, for example, Indian culture becoming westernized. If a culture is strong enough, it’ll adapt itself to new challenges. If not, too bad. Just like there have been millions of species that are now extinct, and also millions more than can arise given the appropriate conditions on Earth– culture, like life, will always be around in some form or the other. And just like you can’t say that any particular bird or animal or virus is â€Å"better† for nature, you really just can’t discuss how culture is â€Å"better† for our future.

The Era of the “Common Man”

The Jacksonian Period (1824-1848) had been celebrated as the era of the â€Å"common man. † To what extent did the period live up to its characterization? Consider two of the following in your response: Economic development, politics, and reform movements. The Jacksonian period, nicknamed the era of the â€Å"common man,† lived up to its characterization. President Andrew Jackson influenced the life of the common man forever. He brought politics to the common man by expanding voting rights, once a topic only discussed by the wealth elite.He partook in movements that reformed the nation, and bettered life for American citizens. Also, Jackson developed the economy in such a way that he gave reassurance to the common man, that he was economically safe; during this time, many Americans did not feel that they were in a state of economic stability, but Jackson gave them their piece of mind. This time period was a turning point in the history of America because Andrew Jackson recognized the nation’s problems, addressed the issues of the common man, and bettered the lives of most, if not all Americans.Jeffersonian Democracy was a new view brought to American politics during the early 19th century. American voting was revolutionized because direct voting methods, such as voting by voice were eliminated, and replaced by indirect voting methods, such as ballots. During this transformation, voter participation skyrocketed. By 1840, nearly 80 percent of adult white males journeyed to the polls. Voting popularity increased when property qualifications for voting and office holding were abolished.Under the new constitution, adopted in 1821, all adult white males were allowed to vote as long as they paid their taxes or had served their country. Years later, taxpaying qualifications were eliminated creating universal manhood suffrage for the first time, in America (http://w ww. digitalhistory. uh. edu/database/article_display. cfm? HHID=633). Although unive rsal white manhood suffrage was finally a reality, women and African Americans were still constrained from voting. Although, women and African Americans still could not vote, there was a huge change in politics.There was an increase in the interest in presidential elections; for the first time in American history, the election of 1828 was the focus of the public attention. All candidates, including Jackson, attempted to gain the support of the public by addressing common issues. Now, all governing bodies had become more responsive to public opinions, and individual Americans were getting the opportunity to voice their opinion in American politics. Before, during, and after his presidency, President Andrew Jackson partook in reform movements that bettered the American nation and the life of the common man.First off, Jackson attempted to deplete the national debt, through reforms. He ended the Federal Reserve, being the Second National Bank of the United States. When the bank asked co ngress for a renewal bill, Jackson vetoed this legislation. Jackson removed deposits from the national bank, and placed them in state banks. Andrew Jackson was the last American president to attempt to rid America of debt, through a series of reforms (http://www. examiner. com/la-county-nonpartisan-in-los-angeles/top-10-americans-for-monetary-reform-3-president-andrew-jackson).During his presidency, Jackson also strived for educational reforms. Although Jackson had little formal education himself, he saw the importance of educational reform in such ways to create taxes to support public schooling. During the age of Jackson, adults had the opportunity to achieve a higher education, and it was becoming mandatory for children to receive a formal education. Lastly, during this era, there were a series of movements that attempted to perfect the human condition through â€Å"cleans society of moral evils. During this time period, the Temperance Movement and the Mormon Movement created a new sense of community and an impersonal society (http://www. ethanlewis. org/history/downloads/guides/Ch12. pdf). There is no question that Jackson’s term was as a reform president; reforms to all aspects of modern society bettered the lives of the American people. When Jackson took office, one of the leading issues in congress concerned economic development policies.Andrew Jackson backed the system of protective tariffs, which fostered domestic industry along with federal subsidies for transportation projects. Jackson supported this American system, and saw that it was a way of securing economic independence and improving the country’s strength (http://millercenter. org/academic/americanpresident/jackson /essays/biography/4). Jackson also ended the cycle of land speculation, in Eastern states, by relocating the Native Americans off of Eastern land. From this, new land opened up to Americans, who now had areas to expand.

Philip of Macedon essays

Philip of Macedon essays The internal reforms that took place under Philip, strengthened Macedonia and enabled him to conquer the Greek states. Philip used the League of Corinth to consolidate and maintain his power through terms of peace. To test the validity of this hypothesis we must look at three things: The major reforms in Macedonia under Philip How Philip went about conquering the Greek states The policies and terms under which the League of Corinth operated Following the death of Perdiccas, Philip came to the throne in the autumn of 360B.C. He realised that great reforms were essential if he intended to remain the King of Macedonia. Macedonia underwent a major reconstruction at the hands of Philip but it was his military and political reforms that truly strengthened his kingdom. Due to Philip's intentions of immediate expansion, there was a large emphasis placed on the reforms of his military. Philip made vast improvements in his cavalry and siege engines, both of which were widely exploited by his son and successor, Alexander the Great. These two improvements may have been important, but according to Tritle (1997:179), the most telling tactical innovation of the famous Macedonian phalanx was the introduction of the sarissa. The sarissa was a large pike up to 18 feet long, twice as long as the Greek hoplite spears. To compensate for the size and weight of this weapon, the Macedonian soldiers wore lighter, cheaper and more maneuverable armour. This, combined with their famous rigorous training and discipline, proved to be decisive in the battlefield. The military reforms of Philip were decisive, but without the internal strength and effective foreign policy built by his political reforms, Philip would not have been able to capitilise on his military supremacy. It can be said that the might of the Macedonians came from their unity. After Philip came to power, he worked to strengthen and expand hi...

Essay Sample on Policy Analysis Politics and Policy Analysts

Essay Sample on Policy Analysis Politics and Policy Analysts Policies develop from a process centered mostly on politics. The policy analysts take different approaches in formulating policies that consider the social welfare, economic, political and cultural factors that influence them. The interpretation of these policies however, is political in nature. (Radin, 2000) In policy analysis this approach is called policy process. Mostly, it determines the processes as well as the means employed to explain and influence the role played by all the stakeholders involved in the policy process. This applies more in the public policies. The process is diverse qualitatively and quantitatively especially in case studies, statistical analysis and survey research. (Nagel, 1999) Unfortunately careful analysis on the part of politicians is not there. In implementing their role as policy initiators, policy research and oversight persons as well as fire fighters, the welfare of others not within the special interest group is lost. The policies which are passed and implemented are those that can manipulate the existing structures to make them hold on to power. For instance, policies which will enable the political elite amass wealth or gain undue advantage is usually very popular amongst them. These special groups play a much larger role. (Nagel, 1999) On the other hand, the policy analysts are charged with the analysis process in the public sector. They are professionals who are borrowed from various government institutions and who have the capability of coming up with the right evaluation criteria, should be able to identify alternatives, make evaluations as well as recommend.(Radin, 2000) However, most of the recommendations are not implemented because there is usually little or no political will on the government. The implementation process is highly politicized making the role tougher and larger for policy makers. The statistical analysis involves some logistics which in most cases is only understood by the policy analysts who initiate research and oversee policies. The bulk of the work rests on the stakeholders and especially on the government who decide whether to implement the recommendations or not. The role of the policy analysts is to present their findings and recommendations to the public sector for it to decide w hat should be included and what should not be included. (Radin, 2000) The few policies which are implemented take a long time due to the bureaucratic nature of the public sector. The involvement of public participation consultations and the time frame set for the implementation process contributes to poor implementation process. The implementation may also involve changing structures, such as ministry acts, and government bills. (Nagel, 1999) A lot of time is needed to look at the policy proposals brought by the policy analysts, think tank, congressional committee and some other interest groups. The proposals demand action from the government which is a tedious process that requires proper laid out plans that will enhance the success of the policies. (Radin, 2000) If you a need custom essay, research paper, dissertation, thesis or term paper on Politics or other discipline feel free to contact our professional custom writing service.

Definition of LSAT - Law School Admissions Test

Definition of LSAT - Law School Admissions Test What is the LSAT? The Law School Admissions Test (LSAT) is the law school admissions exam administered four times per year by the Law School Admission Council (LSAC). All American Bar Association (ABA)-approved law schools, many non-ABA-approved law schools, and most Canadian law schools require an LSAT score from applicants. The test lasts four hours, which may seem long to prospective law students, but the LSAT pales in comparison to a two- or three-day bar exam, which law school graduates must pass in order to practice law. Content The LSAT consists entirely of multiple-choice questions with one un-scored writing exercise at the end. The multiple-choice questions are divided into five 35-minute sections: reading comprehension, analytical reasoning, two logical reasoning sections, and one un-scored â€Å"experimental† section that looks and feels exactly like one of the other four sections. The reading comprehension section asks examinees multiple-choice questions about passages that they have just read. Analytical reasoning questions have examinees reason deductively from statements or principles by engaging in logic games. In logical reasoning questions, examinees must analyze and complete arguments. At the end of test, examinees are required to provide a writing sample based on information provided in the final 35-minute period. LSAC sends the writing sample to every school that requests an LSAT score, but the writing sample does not count towards the score. Grading Examinees’ four scored multiple-choice sections are graded on a scale from 120 to 180. The median score is usually around 151 or 152 with about half of examinees scoring above these numbers and half scoring below. Scores are calculated on a curve, so the number of questions an examinee answers correctly (the raw score) is not the score that the examinee will achieve on the exam (the scaled score). Scaled scores are calculated individually for each exam, but have held relatively steady over the years. Additionally, examinees receive a percentile, which tells them what percentage of examinees they out scored during the test. Percentiles vary by exam administration, but a score of 151 or 152 will usually place the examinee in the 48th to 52nd percentile. Score Significance While there is no passing score per se, together with the law school applicant’s undergraduate grade point average (GPA), the LSAT score is one of the two most important factors that law schools consider when assessing applications. The median LSAT score of incoming 1Ls at a given school generally reflects the U.S. News and World Report (USNWR) ranking for that law school. For instance, Yale, which is in first place in the rankings and Harvard, which is tied for second, are tied for first place in terms of median LSAT scores. Both schools’ 1Ls entering in the fall 2014 semester scored a median of 173 on the LSAT. This means that half of these students earned lower than 173, and half scored higher than 173. Columbia, tied for fourth, and Stanford, tied for second, both had median LSAT scores of 172. These two scores of 172 and 173 usually represent percentiles of about 98.6% and 99.0% respectively. In other words, only about 1% or 1.4% of examinees will generally achieve a score high enough to attend these schools. Given these numbers, the relative importance of LSAT scores in determining an applicant’s chances at gaining admission to law school is not without its controversy.

The Treaty On The Functioning Of The European Union Essay

The Treaty On The Functioning Of The European Union - Essay Example It also explains article 101 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union briefly. Two cases that relate to article 101 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union have been selected for comparison in this paper. One case is related to pharmaceutical industry while other is related to the use of the internet. The cases have been selected from different sectors to present a better understanding of the course. The cases selected in the paper have been decided by the Commission and reached the European Courts and the decisions of the cases have been made by the respective courts. The cases selected are not very old or rather they are recent cases. The facts and decisions of both the cases are presented separately and the decisions of both the cases are analyzed considering their significance, the implications of the decision including academic and political opinion on the case. Formerly Article 101 and Article 102 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Uni on (TFEU) were Article 1 and Article 82 of the EC Treaty respectively before the enforcement of the Lisbon Treaty in December 2009. Before the Lisbon treaty the General Court was also called the Court of First Instance (CFI). Background information relating to competition policy Competition  is necessary for any market as it is the basic mechanism of any economy encouraging businesses to offer their products and services to consumers on favorable terms. It is also essential to improve efficiency, to encourage innovation and to reduce prices. The competition can only be effective if companies act independently under the competitive pressure which is exerted by other companies. According to the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union there are two central rules which are the foundation of the European antitrust policy: First,  the Article 101 of the Treaty prohibits any agreement between two or more independent companies which restricts competition. This provision of the A rticle 101 is applicable to both horizontal  agreements (between competitors which operate at same level of the supply chain) and vertical agreements (between companies which operate at different levels, i.e. agreement between a producer and its dealer). There are only a few limited exceptions from the provisions of the Article 101. The most reprehensible example which infringes Article 101 is the introduction of a ‘cartel’ which an illegal conduct involving price-fixing or / and market sharing. Second,  the Article 102 of the treaty prohibits  companies from holding and abusing its dominant position on a particular market. The most infringing examples are by charging inappropriate prices, by reducing the amount of production, or by not innovating as per the prejudice of the customers (Cseres, 2010). The Treaty has empowered the Commission for applying these rules of prohibition and investigating the violations of the rules of prohibition. The commission is given a number of powers to investigate those ends by inspecting their premises, both business and non-business and writing for seeking information from them. It is also empowered for imposing penalties on businesses violating the antitrust rules of the European Union. The main rules and the procedures of applying the rules of Articles 101 and 102 of TEFU are described in Council Regulation (EC) 1/2003. The National Competition Authorities (NCA) were given authorities and powers to apply Articles 101 and 102 of the Treaty in May 2004 so that the distortion or restriction of competition can be ensured. The Treaty also provides individual rights to citizen which are

How Symbolism, Setting and Characterization Contribute to the Power of Essay

How Symbolism, Setting and Characterization Contribute to the Power of 'Coalinga, Half Way' - Essay Example It soon becomes apparent that is imagery is extended to his wife, 'her big eyes' seeming to relate to the cattle's eyes. The moaning of a single cow links with her gasp, the 'horrible thud of shock in her chest, the slaughtering of the animals, the killing of her hope. Further symbolic images imply guilt, dread and destruction as the man sees pieces of garbage: This man may perceive himself to be the criminal here, for what he is thinking and intends to do. The symbolic links with the animals and their fate are continued when he believes himself to be crying, just as 'the steers set up a long series of desperate bawling', then, like him drop off into silence again, as does the piercing shriek of the circling hawk. The hawk itself suggests a symbol of something circling for the kill, bringing destruction somewhere, as the man destroys his family. The words 'will you meet me halfway' signify much more than a drive or geographical point on a map, as does the statement, 'he knows he's gone way past halfway'. The imagery of himself as something 'deep inside a muscle' calls to mind the hypodermic needle of an addict, and sure enough, he is soon no longer himself, but 'some scared boy.' Words and voices, with particular reference to the telephone also play a large part in the action.

Globalization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 3

Globalization - Essay Example The core intention of promoting globalization and development among countries had positive purposes and tasks to make the world more mature, connected and interdependent. The supporters of globalization influenced many government policy makers, economists, businessmen and journalists into believing that globalization is inevitable and everyone involved should do their best to smooth the process of financial, political and cultural development and integration (Bridges, 2007; Stiglitz, 2006). However, financial and corporate globalization overcame the globalization of production and cultural development. In reality it occurred to be an opportunity for powerful imperialist countries to freely intrude into the economies of other countries and use their financial, natural and labor resources for their own benefits. Despite global economy has grown rapidly due to globalization and development, such international problems like poverty, inequality, illegal immigration and global environment degradation still exist and become even worse year after year. The current paper will determine the meaning of globalization and development in addition to discussing and comparing different approaches to globalization, mainly skeptical and hyper-globalist. It becomes extremely important to explore and critically assess the implications of globalization for patterns of global inequality and the prospects for sustainable development (Allen and Thomas, 2000). By better understanding the map of rhetorical formations in widely-read texts regarding globalization, it might be possible to understand better the concerns and intentions of these opposite viewpoints on globalization and recent global changes. Understanding the Globalization Globalization may be defined as the integration of production and consumption in all markets across the world through uninhibited trade, financial flows, and mutual exchange of technology and knowledge with the free inter-country movement of labor (Jones, 2 010; Watkins and Fowler, 2003). Allen and Thomas (2000) refers to globalization as the growing sense of interconnectedness, when â€Å"the strong are becoming stronger and the weak weaker† as the benefits of globalization accrue to a relatively small proportion of the world’s population while global poverty and social exclusion continue to increase. Globalization has intensified interdependence and competition between economies in the world market having a favorable impact on the overall growth rate of the economy. The process of globalization presumes opening up of world trade, internationalization of financial markets, development of advanced means of communication, growing importance of MNCs, population migration and the increased mobility of goods, capital, data, ideas and people (Ritzer, 2010). Due to globalization not only the GDP has increased, but the direction of growth in the sectors has also been changed. Earlier the maximum part of the GDP in the

Reasearch Paper on the Book A Moveable Feast by Ernest Hemingway Research

Reasearch on the Book A Moveable Feast by Ernest Hemingway - Research Paper Example The work was published after Hemingway’s death and as a consequence is often considered unfinished. It was edited extensively before it was published with editors wanting the work to appear in a form which Hemingway would be proud of, rather than incomplete. It is likely that Hemingway would have written and edited the novel further had he lived. Written in simple sentences and with non-complex structure which is typical of Hemingway’s work, the book focuses on the content itself, telling a story of Hemingway as a young, often struggling, artist. Before examining the themes of the book it is important to understand how the two versions differ, as there is significant difference between the two published editions of the book. These differences can potentially blur the themes of the novel, despite the attempts of editors for both versions to stay true to Hemingway. The Restored Edition, which is the version which is being considered in this study, is an edited edition of the book which was released 45 years after the publication of the original work. The changes were made by Hemingway’s grandson, and consists of reordering of some of the stories, the restoration of some portions of the book that were cut from the original and the removal of some edits . In the forward by Sean Hemingway, he considers that the difference between the two editions is much like the differences between different versions of the Bible. There is no way of knowing what the original intent was of the author, thus both versions are different interpretations rather than one version being correct and the other not. The overarching theme of the novel which ties together the stories and the characters is that of hunger. This hunger is not just hunger in the physical sense, but also in the artistic and the emotional sense. The title of the book draws reference to this theme, suggesting that Paris itself acts in some measure to sate this hunger. Likewise, Paris can be conside red a moveable feast in the manner that the memories that are made in Paris stay with the person and influence them for the rest of their life. Paris is by many counts, a city of fantastic opportunities, of art, culture and food. Because of this, it can become a feast which one can deeply indulge in. Early in the book, the author extensively describes his physical hunger. He had given up journalism in order to focus on his art and as a consequence he had no money and little food. He spoke of the way that walking along the sidewalk one could smell the food that people were eating. He considered that being hungry was good for discipline and that it helped him to understand art. He had a clearer, sharper view when he was hungry and found that he saw beauty much clearer. At this point he is married, and hides from his wife the fact that he does not plan on eating for the day, instead telling her that he is eating out with friends. This physical hunger is not consistent across all the st ories, instead, the focus shifts to artistic and emotional senses of hunger. Throughout the stories, Hemingway wanders the city as an artist looking for inspiration and stimulation. He moves from one such event to another as if they were meals through which he is seeking to fill himself. He appears to feast on the gossip, the scandal and intrigue that surround him, using it as fuel for his writing, and for his passion.

Security Frameworks Comparison Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Security Frameworks Comparison - Case Study Example Therefore, COBIT acts as a supporting toolset that enables managers to bridge the gap between technical issues, control requirements and business risks. The business orientation of the Control Objectives for Information and Related Technology consists of linking business goals to IT goals, providing maturity and metric models to measure their success and identifying the associated obligations of business and Information Technology process owners. The unique nature of COBIT is that: its focus is illustrated through a process model that subdivides Information Technology into 4 domains and 34 processes in line with the responsibility areas of planning, developing, running and monitoring, providing the much needed view of IT (Brand, 2007). Founded in the year 1901, the National Institute of Standards and Technology is one of the US oldest physical science laboratories. NIST measurements support the smallest of technologies to the largest and most complex of human made creations. Much of its developed technology ranges from earthquake resistant skyscrapers to wide-body jetliners to world wide communication networks. The lab assists the industry in the development of technology that helps in: improving product quality, modernization of the manufacturing processes and facilitation of rapid commercialization of products based on current scientific discoveries (NIST monograph, 1900). Data security standard (PCIDSS) is one of the security standards offered by PCI security standards council. The PCI data security standard (PCI DSS) provides an actionable framework for building a full-bodied payment card data security process which comprise of detection, prevention and appropriate reaction to security incidents. Data Security Standard (PA-DSS) was developed to help in provision of definitive data standard for software vendors that develop payment applications. Its

Reasearch Paper on the Book A Moveable Feast by Ernest Hemingway Research

Reasearch on the Book A Moveable Feast by Ernest Hemingway - Research Paper Example The work was published after Hemingway’s death and as a consequence is often considered unfinished. It was edited extensively before it was published with editors wanting the work to appear in a form which Hemingway would be proud of, rather than incomplete. It is likely that Hemingway would have written and edited the novel further had he lived. Written in simple sentences and with non-complex structure which is typical of Hemingway’s work, the book focuses on the content itself, telling a story of Hemingway as a young, often struggling, artist. Before examining the themes of the book it is important to understand how the two versions differ, as there is significant difference between the two published editions of the book. These differences can potentially blur the themes of the novel, despite the attempts of editors for both versions to stay true to Hemingway. The Restored Edition, which is the version which is being considered in this study, is an edited edition of the book which was released 45 years after the publication of the original work. The changes were made by Hemingway’s grandson, and consists of reordering of some of the stories, the restoration of some portions of the book that were cut from the original and the removal of some edits . In the forward by Sean Hemingway, he considers that the difference between the two editions is much like the differences between different versions of the Bible. There is no way of knowing what the original intent was of the author, thus both versions are different interpretations rather than one version being correct and the other not. The overarching theme of the novel which ties together the stories and the characters is that of hunger. This hunger is not just hunger in the physical sense, but also in the artistic and the emotional sense. The title of the book draws reference to this theme, suggesting that Paris itself acts in some measure to sate this hunger. Likewise, Paris can be conside red a moveable feast in the manner that the memories that are made in Paris stay with the person and influence them for the rest of their life. Paris is by many counts, a city of fantastic opportunities, of art, culture and food. Because of this, it can become a feast which one can deeply indulge in. Early in the book, the author extensively describes his physical hunger. He had given up journalism in order to focus on his art and as a consequence he had no money and little food. He spoke of the way that walking along the sidewalk one could smell the food that people were eating. He considered that being hungry was good for discipline and that it helped him to understand art. He had a clearer, sharper view when he was hungry and found that he saw beauty much clearer. At this point he is married, and hides from his wife the fact that he does not plan on eating for the day, instead telling her that he is eating out with friends. This physical hunger is not consistent across all the st ories, instead, the focus shifts to artistic and emotional senses of hunger. Throughout the stories, Hemingway wanders the city as an artist looking for inspiration and stimulation. He moves from one such event to another as if they were meals through which he is seeking to fill himself. He appears to feast on the gossip, the scandal and intrigue that surround him, using it as fuel for his writing, and for his passion.

The role of nursing in a mas casualty event Research Paper

The role of nursing in a mas casualty event - Research Paper Example Acts of terrorism, disease outbreaks and natural and man-made disasters can occur anywhere at any time. Some of the disasters for which for which we must be prepared are avian influenza outbreaks, violent storms, bombing, floods, fires and transport accidents. Whatever may be the form of such casualties, in case there is always a need for nurses various services to comply with the crucial needs of such an event. In Zwirn et. al., The International Nursing Coalition for Mass Casualty Education has expressed that every nurse, on graduation from an entry levels, must have knowledge and abilities to respond to emergencies of various forms, and also that if you or your staff are unaware of any such knowledge, then you must work to acquire any such, before you are asked to respond to any emergencies. (Zwirn, et. al., 2006) In short, it is intended that nurses, without the aid to usual medical support, must be able to react in a mass casualty or emergency, affecting a larger group in unusual circumstances. At Columbia University, excellent instructive programs have been developed including the Mailman School of Public Health National Center for Disaster Preparedness and also at the Saint Louis University School of Public Health the Institute for Biosecurity and in last but not the least the certification at the Vanderbilt University School of Nursing called the Mass Casualty Education (Nursing Emergency Preparedness Education Coalition, 2007). Disaster Education All sorts of medical and ethical and social trainings must include the preparedness activities. As stated by Veenema (2003) a number of useful materials can be found at the Federal Emergency Management Agency's website (FEMA), information provided at this website includes disaster fact sheets and special material is available for parents, health professionals and teachers also to guide them as to how to speak to minors about terrorism and casualties. This material is also useful in preparing you and your family to prepare for such incidents. These materials particularly discuss the measures necessary after the very crucial seventy two hours of the emergency, particularly when the possibility of state aid and local help is low. (Veenema, 2003) As volunteers and nurses it is essential that we must know that how available resources at the event of a calamity can be made use of efficiently. To counter such emergencies, it necessary that we must be aware of our society's susceptibilities and also realize the calamity plans and other practical societal activities for instance mock drills. Such experiences are highly useful if we are the first responders in any event, and what if the available persons are the only trained disaster-trained personnel, and how ones behavior would vary if we are to permanently offer our services as caregivers. (Congressional Testimony, 2006) Recognizing Potential Threats Usually nurses are the first trained professionals, to which people approach in the event of some form of casualty. Although most of us haven't experienced disorders that may be regarded as bioterror weapons, it is essential t

Chainsaw Al Dunlap Essay Example for Free

Chainsaw Al Dunlap Essay l â€Å"Chainsaw Al Dunlap†: A New Breed of Manager? West Point graduate Albert J. Dunlap, former chairman and CEO of Scott Paper Company, claims that the U.S. Military Academy made him â€Å"tenacious and very organized†. Others say his experience gave him an â€Å"inyour-face attitude rare among executives† and made him a valuable hired gun for straightening out troubled companies. Dunlap is known to attack and challenge nearly every premise and person that gets in his sight. Those who interfere with his efforts usually get chewed up by the experience. Scott Paper is a familiar brand name to the American consumer. Founded by Clarence and Irvin Scott in 1879, the company eventually became the worlds largest supplier of toilet tissue, paper napkins, and paper towels. As it matured, however, Scotts profitability suffered and growth stagnated when rival Procter Gamble took an increasing market share. Between 1960 and 1971, Scotts market share of consumer paper products dropped from 45 to 33 percent. In the period 1990 to 1994, Scott continued to lose market share, and in 1993, the company lost $277 million and saw its credit rating deteriorate. By 1994, Scott Paper was a moribund bureaucracy. In hiring Al Dunlap, Scotts board of directors signaled its determination to take decisive action. Dunlap initiated changes that would eliminate 11,000 employees (71 percent of headquarters staff, 50 percent of all managers, and 20 percent of hourly workers). He sold off unrelated business units — including publishing papermaker S.D. Warren Company, for $1.6 b8llion — and slashed spending — the research and development budget alone was cut in half, to $35 million. Not surprisingly, Dunlaps cost cuts and increased prices achieved immediate bottom-line results. The companys profitab8iliyy soared, as did the market value of its stock, which rose 225 percent under Dunlaps leadership. Dunlap claimed that by launching new products and selling unprofitable ventures, he had positioned Scott Paper for long-term positive returns for investors. Critics disagreed, seeing Dunlaps moves as constituting a short-term strategy to groom the company for a merger. In the words of one former marketing executive, Dunlaps strategy â€Å"became a volume-driven plan to pretty up the place for sale†. In fact, on December 12, 1995 , Scott shareholders approved a $9.4 billion merger with Kimberly-Clark Corporation. As for Al Dunlap, he enjoys his â€Å"chainsaw† reputation and believes that his approach is helping to change the norms of corporate behavior. However, according to Peter D. Cappelli, chairman of the management department at the Wharton Business School , â€Å"He is persuading others that shareholder value is the be-all and end-all. But Dunlap didnt create value. He redistributed income from the employees and the community to the shareholders.† Neverthel ess, the cuts continue. Kimberly-Clark plans to remove 8,000 workers from the combined companies 60,000 workforce by 1997 and to close Scotts headquarters in Boca Raton , Florida . One former high-level Scott executive believes that the company is now â€Å"just a hollow core.† Meanwhile Dunlap walked away with $100 million in salary, bonus, stock gains, and other perks. He offers no apologies for his approach: â€Å"Im not going to apologize for success†¦for all this, for hard work. Thats the freemarket system.† Dunlap does not believe that a business should be run for the stakeholders, such as employees or the communities in which they live, but for the shareholders-period. â€Å"Stakeholders are total rubbish,† according to Dunlap. â€Å"Its the shareholders who own the company. Not enough American executives care about the shareholders.† The real question is whether short-term stockholder gains are good for business down the road. Says Sarah Teslik, executive director of the Council of Institutional Investors in Washington, a watchdog group for big shareholders: â€Å"Dunlap holds himself up as a role model, but any company is apt to have significant stock runup if current costs are reduced by a huge amount. Thats no guarantee [Scott] will do well in the future.† On the other hand, some analysts contend that Dunlap has changed corporate America for the better. In a Financial World magazine poll, for example, CEOs voted he is now a high-profile business leader who will be sought out by the boards of other troubled companies to enhance shareholder value. It remains to be seen, however, what impact the short-term and long-term consequences of Al Dunlaps management theory will have on corporate America and the American workforce. Questions: †¢ Describe Al Dunlaps management approach. Does it fit any of the classical or modern approaches? Explain. How does it contradict some points in these approaches? †¢ Delineate the good points and bad points of a massive downsizing effort such as that undertaken at Scott Paper — as if you were a stakeholder, and then, as if you were a shareholder. Are your two lists different? Explain. †¢ What factors were the keys to increased productivity at Scott Paper? How was Dunlap responsible for the companys turnaround? †¢ Describe the kind of company that might hire Dunlap next. What goals might its board of directors have? What problems might the company face? What companies in the news today fit your description?

A Reflective Account Of A Fundamental Caring Skill Nursing Essay

A Reflective Account Of A Fundamental Caring Skill Nursing Essay For my reflective account of my caring skill of assisting somebody to eat I am going to use A model of reflective practice Gibbs, G. (1988). My practice was at a residential home with sixteen permanent residents and two respite rooms and so the health and amount of care needed by each individual varied. Some are mobile and independent, some need assistance from carers for only a few activities such as being pushed in a wheelchair, whereas a few are completely dependant on the carers to do daily activities such as eating. Before I started my placement I read the NMC code of professional conduct and the NMC guide for students of nursing and midwifery. This was so that I was aware of my accountability, responsibility, confidentiality and the wishes of the patients. I also researched into nutrition and feeding, to help me to understand my clients needs and feelings, so that my caring skill was more effective. Every cell requires an energy source for growth, development and for cell activity. The body obtains its energy source from eating and drinking and so they are essential to existence (Roper, Logan Tierney, 2000). Therefore nutrition plays an important role in health and I need to understand what a nutritious diet contains and the effects a healthy and unhealthy diet can have. A healthy diet contains all the nutrients the body needs to function. A nutrient is a substance that must be consumed as part of the diet to provide a source of energy, material for growth or substances for regulated growth or energy production. (Oxford Reference Dictionary for Nursing, 1990). I found that these are proteins, which supply the body with the essential amino acids for building and repairing body tissues, carbohydrates to provide heat and energy and fats which can be broken down to fatty acids and glycerol and also provide heat and energy. The body also uses fatty deposits to protect and maintain delicate organs, such as the kidney. The body also requires small amounts of vitamins and minerals. Vitamins are needed for many different things. Most of them have a catalytic function in metabolic reactions. They are needed for energy regulation, regulation of tissue synthesis and the general health of tissues. Minerals are the components of body tissues and fluids, and of man y specialised substances such as hormones, transport molecules and enzymes. (Roper, Logan Tierney, 1991). Although fibre is not used in any part of the bodys structure and is excreted in the faeces, it is still needed for a healthy diet because it provides bulk, which helps defaecation by stimulating muscular movement in the large intestine, and therefore prevents constipation. Finally, water is extremely important for the body because it makes up approximately 2/3 of body weight, is the main component of all body fluids and many body processes depend on it. Therefore if the body is severely deprived of water it will die. Holmes (1986, cited by Roper, Logan Tierney, 1991) found that food and fluid intake is controlled by complex biochemical processes. There are centres in the brain which are sensitive to changes in the level of nutrients and trace elements in the blood thereby controlling appetite and thirst. The amounts of these nutrients needed differ for each individual and vary throughout the different stages of life (Chern Rickentsen, 2003). These nutrients need to be ingested, digested and then absorbed. The digestive system includes the mouth, oropharynx, oesophagus, stomach and the intestines. The enzymes that facilitate digestion are produced in the salivary glands, pancreas, liver and gall bladder (Waugh Grant, 2004) There are many reasons why somebody may need help with eating. It is essential that nurses have knowledge of factors and how they influence activities of living. The model of nursing helps nurses to understand, assess, plan and implement relevant interventions and evaluate the effects. (Roper, Logan Tierney, 2000) The client that I assisted with eating was an elderly man who was completely dependant on the carers because he had had a cerebrovascular accident (stroke) and he was paralysed down his left side (hemiplegia). He also couldnt use his right arm much due to rheumatoid arthritis. However some people with physical disabilities like an arm defect can still eat and drink independently with the use of mechanical aids and specialised equipment or even just having the food removed from its wrapping. One client on my placement who had a stroke could use his right arm and used equipment such as a plate guard and another client used a specialised spoon so she could feed herself. The use of these aids help to maintain the persons dignity and self-esteem. (Child Higham, 2005) My client was still able to chew his food and produce the saliva and mucus to soften and bind it into a bolus and he still had the reflex to swallow it. Most of the clients could eat without or with very little assistance if given the appropriate handling aids. Other clients, who could not swallow properly due to a health problem such as cerebral palsy or a stroke, had had a Percutaneous Endoscopic Grastrostomy (PEG) for enteral feeding (a surgical procedure where an opening is made in the abdominal wall and a tube is passed through into the stomach directly). Other ways of enteral feeding are an Esophagostomy (placed at the level of the cervical spine to the side of the neck) or a Jejunostomy which is placed in the duodenum or a Naso-gastric tube which is a tube passed through the nose down the oesophagus and into the stomach.(Williams, 1994) My client had already been assessed and he did not need any nutritional supplements to go with his meals. The Body Mass Index shows healthy ranges for body weight, it is determined by their weight in relation to their height and National Screening Tools are used to identify people at risk of malnourishment and nurses should be aware of ethical issues and the influences of religion and culture when doing a care plan to meet the individuals needs. (Walsh, 2002) The carers at my placement already knew my clients preferences and nutritional needs and that he could chew his food so the consistency of the food did not need to be changed. Having to be fed can threaten dignity so nurses should make every effort to minimise any negative aspects. (Isaacs McMahon, 1997) Before I started to assist my client I asked for his consent and made sure that I washed my hands thoroughly, to reduce the risk of infection and was wearing protective clothing and that the environment was suitable. The Department if Health (2001) states, the environment is conductive to enabling the individual patient/client to eat. At my placement, if possible, all of the clients ate in the dining room where there are no distractions, the tables were set properly and everywhere was clean and tidy. I gave my client a choice of two meals and I made sure it was prepared to his liking and presented in an appropriate way. This is because if the food is not presented appropriately for the client and does not look tempting to eat then feeding will be inhibited, giving them a choice gives them back some of their independence when they could be feeling helpless and vulnerable and their self-esteem could be decreased.(Child Higham, 2005) It is important to make sure that the client is comfortable and relaxed to make the interaction more effective (Williams, 1994). I think I achieved this quite well because I made sure that my client was sitting up in his chair, which also lessens the risk of choking. I pulled up a chair next to my client so that I was closer to him and was at a similar eye level. This also shows the client that you are not in a rush and he is not being an inconvenience to you. My body language was relaxed and I used positive facial expressions because if I had been tense and negative, my client would not have enjoyed his food and would have felt uncomfortable and rushed and therefore the interaction would have been inhibited and he might not have wanted to eat anything. I tried to ask my client if he had any preferences to the order that he wanted to eat his food but he did not really respond verbally or none verbally. This made me feel quite uncomfortable and I just fed him the food in the order that I thought he might have liked it and he seemed happy with that. I used ordinary cutlery and cut the food up into what I thought were appropriate bite sized portions for my client and adjusted the size if I thought I had put too much on the fork. After my client had swallowed his first mouthful I asked him if it was too hot and he said no so I carried on feeding him. I waited until I thought he had completely swallowed each mouthful before I gave him another. Once my client had eaten his entire main course I asked if he wanted a drink and I held the cup up to his mouth. I did this so that he would not still have the taste of his main course while he was eating his dessert. I cleared away the dirty equipment before I gave him his dessert and I once again cut it into bite-sized pieces and after his first mouthful asked if it was alright and if he liked it. Once my client has finished his dessert I cleared the dish away and asked if he wanted a drink. I encouraged him to try to hold the cup with his right hand and I supported the other side and tipped it up a bit further when needed. After he had finished everything I asked if he wanted anything else and if he was happy. I then gave him a wipe so that he could wipe his mouth but he could not do it so I asked if he wanted me to do it for him and he let me. Then I asked him where he wanted to go and took him there and asked if he needed the toilet or anything else but he said he didnt. I then went and recorded how much he had eaten in his notes. I feel the interaction went well because even though I felt a bit uncomfortable at first I soon relaxed and I think that I used good body language and facial expressions and it was good that I sat in the chair next to him and didnt just stand over him. My client was relaxed and happy to have me feeding him. The dining room was clean and tidy and there were no distractions. I did find it quite difficult to talk to my client because I did not want to ask him too many questions because he was eating and other than asking him if everything was alright I did not really talk much. It was good that I used a fork to feed my client because if I had used a spoon it may have made him feel like a child and lower his self-esteem. A negative factor of the interaction was that I put a paper bib on my client, which could have lowered his self-esteem and dignity. I also used a plastic beaker with a lid so that I did not spill his drink down him and this could have also made him feel like a child. At some points I did put the next forkful up to his mouth before he had completely swallowed the last one and even though I apologised and put the fork down again and waited until he had completely finished, I did feel as though he may have thought I was rushing him a bit. Next time I am assisting to feed someone, I will use a napkin instead of a bib and if possible a normal cup. I will also try to talk to the client a bit more without asking too many questions so that they dont have to talk with their mouth full. I will also ask if they want to brush their teeth or clean their mouth so that they feel more comfortable and it will also help prevent dental decay or any sores from developing around the gums. I spoke to my mentor about how she thought the interaction went and whether she thought I could improve on anything and she was happy with it. In conclusion, I feel my caring skill went well. This is because we were both relaxed and comfortable, no problems occurred and I would do most things the same again. Even though I felt as though I may have rushed him a bit at times by accident and some of the equipment I used may not have been appropriate, my client was happy and ate everything. He also said he would feel comfortable with me helping him again and I now feel confident and comfortable enough to assist feeding people. 2198 words.

How to be a Good College Student Essay -- College Education School Ess

How to be a Good College Student College is a competitive environment; in order to succeed in it a student needs certain skills. Those skills can only be learned. A college professor mentioned that there five basic rules that need to be followed in order to become a good student: study, do all the homework and the assigned reading, attend class, and, most importantly, develop self-discipline and time management 1. In the following lines, a detailed analysis of those different steps will be done. So, let’s get started. First, we mentioned study. A good student has to do study everyday. Study involves reading the textbooks, understand them, be able to explain it to others and sometimes memorize the most important concepts. As a creature of habit, it is important to have a special place and a special time to study. A good student will try to find a peaceful place and also try to study during those times that he/she works best. While studying, a good student can also use this time to do the homework and assigned reading. They are, most of the time, the application of what is covered in class. Personally, I study every day between the courses hours at the school library. This helps me to go over the last course I had, the next one that I would take and also do my homework. Then, we also mentioned the necessity to attend class regularly. There are two important reasons for that: it will help in learning the material and also in getting familiar with the instructor. Know...

Witchcraft During the Renaissance

Accompanying and following the Renaissance â€Å"rebirth† during the fourteenth through sixteenth centuries and supplementing the Protestant and Catholic Reformations, the persecution of individuals as witches in Europe reached its zenith during the sixteenth century. Countless people, women and men alike, were accused of witchcraft, although this scale was tipped significantly toward poor, old women whose husbands’ had low wage work. The notion of witchcraft appealed to and was possible at the time to the general public because such occurrences as â€Å"mysterious disappearances† or â€Å"Satanic luck† necessitated explanations.These events were thus attributed to â€Å"servants of the Devil,† or witches, who were supposedly possessed to bend to Satan’s will as stated my Luther. Luther’s bias was towards the bible because he was a religious leader; therefor he believed what it said, which was that witches existed. Many accused witches were tortured until they either admitted, like Walpurga Hausmannin, or were killed from torture. Hausmannin’s bias was towards women because she was one, and she was very skeptical towards all the women being killed.No one was safe, as even mayors councilors and associate judges were persecuted. The witch-hunting excitement of the period resulted from religious, individual, societal, and sociological fears and interests prevalent during the time frame. First, highly influential religious individuals like Luther, Calvin, and the pope form a group of people who played a major role in promoting the belief of witchcraft among the people. Pope Innocent VIII, for example, willingly accepted the concept of witchcraft and even fully supported the persecution of witches.His bias was also towards the Bible. As a religious leader, the Pope wholeheartedly believed that individuals â€Å"give themselves over to devils† and, as a servant of God, was obliged to purge the world of th em. The notable Protestant leaders Martin Luther and John Calvin shared this identical perspective. Luther stresses that the â€Å"Devil’s whores† exist to cause chaos and disruption in God’s world. As he strictly upheld the status quo, Luther would have used the convenient explanation that the poor laborers were more likened to turn to witchcraft.Calvin, on the other hand, compares the problem of witchcraft to that of waging â€Å"war against an infinite number of enemies†. Calvin, as an advocate of an organization adjoining religion and state, naturally views the campaign against witches as war. Clergy, influenced by these religious leaders, recorded any slightly suspicious activity as supernatural and Satanic. Since the majority of Europe was Catholic or some form of Protestant during the time, the people looked up to their respective leaders for â€Å"truth. As popes, Luther, and Calvin professed the existence of witchcraft, the people did as well. H owever, other individuals persecuted witches for purely individual or societal interests. The witch-hunting movement was promoted and effectively advertised by those who would gain from the persecution, namely the â€Å"notaries, copyists, and innkeepers†¦executioner†. According to the account, anyone could be put to trial or torture with the slightest provocation. As a result, the individuals who gained some form of wealth from the persecution supported it.Judges gained support from the people for charging individuals with witchcraft. The demographic aspects of accused witches show that women were much more likely to be persecuted as a consequence of gender biases toward the â€Å"impurity† and â€Å"imperfection† of the feminine sex in the group. The authors of are Dominican monks attempting to clarify the reasons for which women are witches. Although John Wier is skeptical towards the idea of witchcraft, his views sustain the fact that old women’s physical state led to their increased chance of persecution.The most important reason why numerous individuals were branded and persecuted as witches during the late fifteenth through seventeenth centuries was probably as a convenient sociological reason for unexplained occurrences. Any unusual event would cause mass hysteria (Doc B5), and as the people could not directly punish the devils for it, they would be satisfied to reprimand the devils’ servants, the witches, since there could be no other reasonable rationalization.The composition of poems regarding witchcraft shows that it played a prominent role in the life of an ordinary person. It also subtly encourages readers not to fall under possession by resisting Satan’s attempts to control them. John Weir also indicates that the public, including some scientists, passionately favors witch persecution. In late seventeenth-century America, several girls’ witch accusations in Salem, Massachusetts caused two yea rs of witch fear illustrating the common fear of spiritual evils.

Religious Believers Understand More Essay

To discuss this statement first we must look at the definition of understanding. Religious believers and scientists would probably differ in their definitions and therefore disagree from the beginning. A religious person would perhaps say that understanding the world means knowing how to be a good person, how to live a good life and fulfill God’s plan. A scientist would probably disagree, saying that understanding the world is having a wide knowledge and good comprehension of how the world works including theories like evolution and understanding why and how things occur. Another slight problem with this statement is its implication that one cannot be a religious believer and a scientist when in fact there are many religious scientists who seem to have science and religion existing harmoniously in their lives. If we are defining understanding as understanding how to live a good life, then I believe that the Bible and Religious Believers do understand more about the world than Scientists do. Religious Believers have a better understanding of how the universe and mans place in it was set up, but it’s hard for people to understand correctly because it’s not in scientific terms, it’s in myths and metaphors. You can’t see it with our available scientific instruments, it’s something you experience. Religious Believers have direct guidance from their Holy texts, e.g. for the Jewish faith, the Torah on how to live their life. They are taught, by the Ten Commandments, that they are not to steal, not to commit adultery and not to murder. One criticism of scientists is that a number of assumption are made to give parameters to an experiment. Also perception can be fallible, as we expect to see things, so we see them. We don’t expect to see them, so we miss them out. In response to this, in the parable the invisible gardener; where the religious believer trusts that the gardener came but couldn’t be seen and the other (scientist) believing that there couldn’t be a gardener because there was no empirical evidence of this. This shows that even though there was no evidence of the gardener or God they still hold a belief, whereas the scientist had to be proven. Some claim that believers only want hope. Religious Believers hope for the return of their â€Å"invisible gardener†, while New Atheists (Richard Dawkins and his followers) have no expectations of a new life after death, thereforelive their lives without fear of an almighty God smiting them down. In this situation, one could argue that the Religious Believer is playing it safe, however they still understand the world better, in many cases they see it as an almighty being’s creation. In conclusion, I believe that, although Scientists have proof of the age of the earth, and that they have proven many facts of the Earth, They do not have as good guidance as Religious Believers do on understanding life.

Media Culture: the Triumph of the Spectacle

Media Culture: the Triumph of the Spectacle â€Å"Media culture is a contested terrain across which key social groups and competing political ideologies struggle for dominance and . . . individuals live these struggles through the images, discourses, myths, and spectacle of media culture† -Douglas Kellner, Media Culture Table of Contents Introduction——————————————————————————————-3 History of Media————————————————————————————-4 Media Spectacle————————————————————————————–5 Douglas Kellner’s Contribution & Guy Debord’s Influential Analysis of Spectacle——-7 The Spectacle Form of Media Culture————————————— ———————8 The Spectacle in the World of Business———————————————————-9 The World of Celebrities————————————————————————–10 The Madonna Phenomenon———————————————————————–10 The World of Politics——————————————————————————11 Conclusion———————â₠¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€13 Bibliography—————————————————————————————-14 Introduction At the end of the twentieth century, society became more and more aware of the changes in communication technology. People began to see changes in ommunication between individuals, changes in how individuals and society communicated, and changes in communication between societies and cultures. This led to an understanding of human development. The ability to communicate with the help of symbols is one of the fundamental features that differentiate us from the rest of the animal world. Without these practical communication skills and the intellectu al capacity needed to use these skills to transmit, preserve, and propagate thoughts, emotions, and values, it would not have been possible to create such unique religious, ideological, and philosophical systems. Furthermore, without communication, we would not have art. Art has had a strong relationship with the media throughout the 19th and 20th centuries. New inventions and technology created a very favorable atmosphere for the development of new methods and means of communication. These new communication methods both benefited and furthered events within society. At the end of the 20th century, advanced methods and technologies in the field of communication fully changed the face of the world. Due to this change, some say it is very hard to find the line between reality and the reality that has been created and filtered by media. Some contemporary communication theoreticians have said that we find ourselves in the era of the simulation of the world. History of Media Mass media, a term that arose in the United States in the early 20th century with the advent of far-reaching advertising campaigns and news networks, includes all those mediums through which information is distributed to the masses. This includes advertisements, newspapers, magazines, radio, television, and the internet. According to some scientists, people started to speak of the media as far back as ancient Greece and Rome. These discussions of media focused mostly on the rhetoric surrounding the practice of persuasion. The Greek philosopher Aristotle said that rhetoric is â€Å"the faculty of discovering in any particular case all the methods of persuasion. † This kind of communication puts a heavy emphasis on meaning, and how the meaning is constructed and conveyed. Current mass media works in a similar way. One of the most important goals f today’s media is to construct a message that will convince the receiver to agree to do or believe something. The earliest surv iving copy of a paper book, a Kumarajiva translation of the Hindu text The Diamond Sutra, is dated 868 CE (AD). Due to the slow spread of literacy among the common people, and the relatively high cost of paper and production of written media, written materials did not exist as widespread media until Johannes Gutenberg’s 1450 CE invention of the printing press with movable type. Thanks to Gutenberg’s invention, printed materials suddenly became much less expensive, and the spread of information in the form of written material became much easier. However, much of the population still remained illiterate and the cost of publishing printed materials remained high enough to limit media from reaching a wide range of the population. Newspapers were first developed in 1605. The first English-language newspaper was published in Amsterdam in 1620. Soon after that, newspapers published in England, and, eventually, in America, began to reach mass audiences directly. Around this same time, America was being colonized, and printed and written materials played an important role. Revolutionary material such as Thomas Paine’s Common Sense was published and distributed to the colonists, allowing the spread of ideas that eventually resulted in the creation of the United States. The Declaration of Independence, the Constitution, and the Mayflower Compact1 were all examples of early colonial and American documents that figured prominently in the development of America as a nation. In the 1940s, new technologies and advancements in the field of media began to emerge. Radio began to play a major role in mass communication, as America went to war. Radio could provide information much faster than newspapers. These new advents in technology allowed media to gain significance, new meaning, and wider function. Radio, film, advertising, and the press grew as industries and became the center of the culture of communication within the U. S. nd within other capitalist democracies. The culture of media became a dominant force within all aspects of life, including politics and social life. 2 It was the beginning of a new era. The media industry began to concentrate on the invention of new technologies. They both wanted to provide people with a wide range of different good s from which they could choose but also wanted to continue to develop ways in which to reach and influence people. The media could now easily affect the minds of the public, forcing the people to accept a particular set of beliefs, which occasionally diverted from actual reality. Societies started to be manipulated and people were indoctrinated. The main goal of media was and still is to be persuasive enough to attract the attention of a potential receiver, and one of the most convenient ways to accomplish this goal is through the multimedia spectacle. Media Spectacle ‘Media spectacle' is a term created by Douglas Kellner to describe the creation by modern media of a display of contemporary dreams, nightmares, fantasies and values. The phenomenon of media spectacle has evolved over centuries, starting in ancient Greece and moving forward through hundreds of years of wars and other major public events. Today, media spectacle continually strives to achieve sensation and attract attention. In the contemporary world, media spectacle exists in nearly all spheres of our lives. The role of the media is not only to inform, educate, teach, and persuade but also to entertain. The role of media today might suggest that the â€Å"fun factor† has become the leading motivation for our involvement in media and information. The main goal in media is now to attract the visual attention of potential consumers. Therefore, images have become more important than text. It is also very important for the creators and producers of media to keep up with ongoing changes in public interest and attitudes, so media companies face a continual need to be flexible and creative in order to reach consumers. This applies not only to advertisment but also to political and entertainment media in general. Media not only needs to be visual and relevant, but also attractive. Advertisers, public relations departments, and political campaigners need to create messages that are structured in an attractive way, so that it reaches viewers and corresponds to their high expectations of mass media. If this is not done, the consumer will likely not respond to the media. It frequently occurs that a person is faced with a constant influx of media. The information that he or she is presented with may come from a variety of sources, and is likely both true and false information. Over time, it may become difficult for the consumer to distinguish between what is right and what is wrong; to distinguish between reality and fiction. Modern life is shaped by media. It is a power that affects both conscious and subconscious decisions and shapes ideas. We are surrounded by media. Boorstin writes that â€Å"each society and its culture are impelled by fascination with the image and the stimulation and due to it lost its grounding in substance or reality†. 3 Douglas Kellner’s Contribution & Guy Debord’s Influential Analysis of Spectacle Widely recognized social scientist Douglas Kellner and sociologist Guy Debord focused heavily on the topic of the Media Spectacle and its impact on perceived reality. Kellner is the author of the article â€Å"Media Culture and the Triumph of the Spectacle. † The scope of his activity and achievement includes membership in the American Sociological Association. He was also a member of the editorial service board of many journals including Theory, Culture, and Society. It is this journal that for more than twenty years has published some of the most innovative works in social science. It has been in the forefront of the renewal of cultural sociology. It provides a forum for articles that theorize the relationship between culture and society. In his article Kellner refers to ideas put forward by Guy Deboard. He is known for his impact through the group known as Situationist International. This was a libertarian group that came to prominence during the May Events in France in 1968. This band of avant-garde artists and intellectuals was influenced by Dada, Surrealism and Letterism and concerned themselves with the infusion of poetry and music, and with the transformation of the urban landscape. At first, the group was principally concerned with the suppression of art, that is to say they wished, like the Dadaist and the Surrealists before them, to supercede the boundary between art and culture as separate activities and to transform them into part of everyday life. In their analysis, the Situationists argue that capitalism limited life as a spectacle. The spectacle is the main concept of their theory (in many ways they reworked Marx's view of alienation). They say that the worker is alienated from his product and from his fellow worker and finds himself living in an alien world; moreover, they argue that capitalism, in order to ensure its economic growth, has created â€Å"pseudo-needs† to increase the consumption. According to this theory, modern society, or consumer society, is now a society of spectacular commodity consumption. People within this spectacle are treated like objects, rather than like active subjects. In this theory, people are like marionettes whose strings are pulled by invisible power. The Situationists’ idea was, in spite of all kinds of separation, to make a world in which individuals could directly produce their own life; in other words, to engage people in an active, creative life. The solution, for them, was not to wait for a distant revolution but to take a different approach, a â€Å"step by step† process of the reinvention of everyday life, here and now. To transform peoples’ participation in the world was for them the same thing as changing the structure of society. In the place of the society of the spectacle the Situationists proposed a society without money, commodity production, private property, wage labour, class division, based generally on communist ideas. The most important tenet of the proposal was that the so-called pseudo-needs would be replaced by real desires. This utopial ideal seemed to some to be slightly out of touch with reality but aimed to move the focus of the world away from lies and distortion. The Situationists placed a large amount of focus on the concept that individuals should actively and consciously participate in the reconstruction of every moment of life. They called themselves Situationists because they believed that all individuals should construct the situations of their lives, release their own potential, and obtain their own pleasure. The Spectacle-Form of Media Culture As I wrote earlier, spectacle culture has expanded in every area of life â€Å"and is becoming one of the organizing principles of the economy, polity, society†4. Guy Debord argues that â€Å"spectacle is†¦ social relation among people, mediated by images. The spectacle †¦ is a world vision, which has become objectified. . . in all its specific forms, as information or propaganda, as advertisement or direct entertainment consumption, the spectacle is the present model of socially dominant life†¦. â€Å"5. The spectacle phenomenon in this case refers to both high culture and to low cultural shows. The development of new media technologies made it easier for media to exercise influence over contemporary societies and cultures. In these societies media presented with images has the edge over plain texts. The visual spectacle, which combines all aspects of culture that communicate through visual means, made itself the ruler of the â€Å"outside world†. Factories and offices where people work are visually soaked environments. Films, television, video games, and the internet are also part of the influx of visual media that affects our thinking and behaviors. Moreover, we comunicate with the help of visualization. When we are trying to cross over cultural boundaries, our knowledge is often communicated visually, for example, we may use visual cues such as map boundaries and business graphs and data. The Spectacle in the World of Business The propagation of the spectacle is a major aspect of business, and plays a decisive role in whether any given corporation will succeed or not. Businesses, in order to survive, need to be present and visible for the potential customer. Entertainment and advertisement are the powers that support the business world through various of methods, one of which is creating a ‘pseudo event’. The idea of a ‘pseudo event’ was put forward by Daniel Boorstin, an American historian, who claimed that America and other countries find themselves in an age of illusion. The ‘pseudo event’ occurs where â€Å"an event is planned and staged entirely for the media, which accrues significance through the scale of its media coverage rather than through any more disinterested assessment of its importance†. 6 So to speak â€Å"pseudo event† exist for sole purpose of supporting media publicity and serves little to no other function in real life and is considered â€Å"real† only after viewing through news, advertisements, television, or other types of media. An extremely simple example is sitting for a family portrait. The event serves no other purpose than to be viewed through a photograph. Other examples include media spectacles, and many types of news. The World of Celebrities Media contributes to the creation of celebrities. â€Å"The celebrity†¦ is the human pseudo event, fabricated for the media and evaluated in terms of the scale and effectiveness of its media yisibility†. 7 A famous person provides dominant role models and icons of fashion, style, personality, and, at the same time, leads to the enrichment of the media industry. Media entrepreneurs want celebrities involved with their projects because they believe this will help them attract audiences. Film producers use stars as mean of attracting investment to their projects. Marketers use public celebrity statements as a means of profiling and branding their products. Sports promoters use celebrity athletes to attract media attention and increase the number of people who would come to that sport event. Celebrities also make money for the individual concerned. Their success depends on various handlers and image managers that help them to develop their public persona. Celebrities invade all kinds of sites today, ranging from contests in shopping malls to the management of major political campaigns. The importance of publicity, promotion and the exploitation of the media event are omnipresent. The Madonna Phenomenon Madonna became a master in her use of image with the help of mass media. Daniel Borstin is responsible for one of the most widely quoted aphorisms about celebrity: â€Å"the celebrity is a person who is well-known for his well-knownness. . . the celebrity develops its capacity for fame, not by achieving great things, but by differentiating its own personality from those of its competitors in the public arena. â€Å"8   Madonna has achieved just that. She has total control over her shows. She writes the songs, produces the music, and designs the stage sets. She controls all aspects of her show; not just her spectacle, but also all the things she does, including her films and public appearances. Madonna's entire life turns around the presentation of her image. Madonna is one of the greatest PR machines in history and she has hired top agents, publicists, and creative personnel to market her and produce her images. From the beginning her every move was surrounded by publicity and year after year Madonna references in media culture have proliferated. â₠¬Å"9   The circulation of an image plays a very important role as well. Madonna constantly changes her public image. Whoever she is at the moment; a good girl gone bad or a virgin in white, a glamour queen or a cosmic spirit or, finally, a doting mother, her ability to change images every couple of years has fascinated the world, and has been vital in her success. There is also other side of the coin, the pessimistic one, that assumes that Madonna is a victim of her own image, or that she finds herself in an artificially constructed reality. That problem is not only a problem for her, but also for our culture as a whole. Image is dominating more and more of our lives. The World of Politics â€Å"The brutal reality of the modern age is that all famous people are treated like celebrities by mass media, whether they be a great political figure, a worthy campaigner, an artist touched by genius, a serial killer. The newspapers and television programs responsible for their publicity do not draw any meaningful distinction between how they are publicised. â€Å"10 The most significant thing is to make a spectacle of oneself in order to be recognizable. If you want to gain the state of being popular you have to make yourself highly desirable, and the most important thing is to be visible through the media. No special achievements are needed to be popular; only the attraction of public attention is required. In the world of politics, if one wants to be good politician, one has to be spectacular. The management of the media' reporting of politics has become increasingly important to contemporary political campaigns. Public relations consultants, media advisers, and press officers have become standard components of the contemporary world of politics. Media spectacle is also an inseparable part of politics. It can often be seen that most well-known people engage in politics. This can be interpreted as political manipulation. It is possible that it is useful because spectators find it easier to identify with a celebrity that they know from TV than with a person that they are seeing for the first time. Conclusion In the contemporary world, mass media, and as a part of mass media, media spectacle, play very important roles. So many people live their lives or parts of their lives vicariously through the image world of the media- through TV, through soap operas, through any media outlet. Everything is just a matter of subjective perspective; everything is relative, depending on where you stand. Everything turns around the world we choose or create for ourselves. There is no reality, there are only images, different images. We can only see the world from where we stand, from that context, that language, that constructed reality. In other words, the things that you say and do are all coming from the outside-from the world of media. The real you is lost. Life becomes virtual, and we are living in the image. Bibliography: 1. Reader â€Å"Literary and Cultural Representation of American Society: Visual Media†, Prof. Dr. R. Isensee, â€Å"Super Media, A Cultural Studies Approach†, Michael R. Real, pp. 26 2. â€Å"Media Culture, Cultural studies, identity and politics between the modern and the postmodern. †, Douglas Kellner, pp. 16. 3. â€Å"Understanding celebrity†, Graeme Turner, Introduction, pp. 5. 4. Reader â€Å"Literary and Cultural Representation of American Society: Visual Media†, Prof. Dr. R. Isensee, â€Å"Media Culture and the Triumph of the Spectacle†, Douglas Kellner, pp. 1. 5. Debord Guy, â€Å"Separation Perfected†, in Evans and Hall(eds. ), â€Å"Visual Culture†,the Reader. Sage Publication, pp. 95-96 6. â€Å"Understanding celebrity†, Graeme Turner, Introduction, pp. 5. 7. â€Å"Understanding celebrity†, Graeme Turner, Introduction, pp. 5. 8. â€Å"Understanding celebrity†, Graeme Turner, Introduction, pp. 5. 9. â€Å"Media Culture, Cultural studies, identity and politics between the modern and the postmodern. †, Douglas Kellner, pp. 268 10. â€Å"Understanding celebrity†, Graeme Turner, Introduction, pp. 7. 11. â€Å"Visual Persuation- The Role of Images in Advertising†, Paul Messaris 12 â€Å"Mass Media and Society†(second edition), editied by James Curran and Michael Gurevitch.