Electronics :: essays research papers

ElectronicsThe invention of the microprocessor in 1971 was a huge milestone thateventually changed everyones everyday lives. This invention enabled the orbitto own a personal data processor in their home as well as their office. People wereable to work more efficiently and progressively with these new electronicdevices.Electronics today provides the world with an infinite amount ofinformation at a much faster speed than that information would ever have beenavailable before. The American public is strung-out on the usage of manyelectronics in their lives such as the television, audio receivers, andamplifiers to stay updated on world-wide issues. Electronics likewise provide asuperior tool for promotion in the business world today. Business people relyon electronics to communicate with each other faster and to store and quicklyorganize large amounts of essential data.Electronics are improving at a blindingly fast rate. The newesttechnology from five years ago is literally obsole te today. Electronics arealso organism used for new purposes continuously. The Internet, or World Wide Web,is a relatively new concept of being on-line. This new project has opened alimitless number of doors for our society. Now anyone can use the Internet tocommunicate with anybody else in the world a lot faster and cheaper. Cellularphones have also appeared recently in the electronic world. These devices allowa person to be reached from practically anywhere. With cellular phones a personcan, from then on, be in converse with the world no matter where they go.For the next generation, electronics will certainly offer new yetsimpler technology available to the general public. Home addresses and phone total will be replaced with Internet addresses. Business people will be ableto have access to tools such as video conferencing and such in their homes. Theworkplace will ultimately become obsolete. Transportation vehicles will bedominated by electric cars as natural gas supplies decline well-nigh the globe.New procedures for creating power will be found and utilized. The current andupcoming advances in technology will create a steady rise of the rise ofthe everyday living experience.I plan to enroll in a very prestigious university after high school andmajor in electric engineering. I plan to contribute my time during my studiestoward new possible designs of electronics and technology. I realize thatinnovative minds are the backbone of the direction technology will wee and,

Lab Report: Bramble Leaf Morphology Essay -- essays research papers

B. IMPLEMENTINGSUN SITESHADE SITEThickness of bramble leaf/ mm0.310.300.250.260.310.290.270.260.330.320.290.250.350.340.270.270.290.250.290.320.250.330.360.310.370.340.270.360.280.290.220.170.240.190.190.210.220.180.160.220.160.190.220.190.170.190.170.190.200.160.220.210.180.190.150.200.160.210.190.18Mean bramble leaf thickness / mm0.300.19Light Intensity / mVAt 10307.81At 13008.34At 15307.65At 10303.89At 13004.02At 15303.76Mean light intensity/mV7.933.89Aspect of SiteSouth EastSouth EastResults In order to investigate the effect of light intensity on bramble leaf morphology, it was decided that thickness would be the particular morphological feature that was going to be investigated. It was felt that the best possible use was made of the equipment and sites available in order to attain reliable data under the time constraints involved.The sample size for this investigation was set at 30 this allowed a reasonably large sample and thus reasonably confident closedowns and tests are possible for the Analysis and evaluation sections. However, a sample size of 30 is still small enough in order to feasibly collect data within the allocated time period.The two sites chosen were suitable in order for valid data to be collected and compared. The two sites were comprehensively distinct sun and shade sites. As can be seen on the photograph, the sun site had virtually no major branches or trees in its vicinity and thus a lot of light was able to emit on the leaves. In contrast, the shade site was surrounded and shadowed ... ...ns, it has to be stated that the validity of the results have been undermined and the conclusion is certainly stated with less confidence. The assembly of so many sources of faulting seems to suggest that the conclusion may even be an altogether incorrect one due to unreliable collection of data. However, the sources of error do not change the conclusion itself. Pieces of evidence such as the significant differences in means, use of standard deviation and the comprehensiveness of the t-test suggest that the conclusion is still a valid one. Although the data is not completely normally distri notwithstandinged, the 99.999% confidence at which the t-test accepts the hypothesis is considerable. Certainly, these limitations suggest that that percentage is unlikely to be that high, but given the nature of the investigation and results ascertained, the conclusion is still a valid one.

Marianne Moores Life Essay -- Biographies Biography Poetry Writers Es

Marianne Moores Life Marianne Moore was born on November 15, 1887 in Kirkwood, Missouri. Her father, who was an engineer, suffered a mental breakdown before her birth and was hospitalized before she could fit him. Moore lived with her mother, her brother, and her grandfather in Missouri until her grandfathers death in 1894. Moores mother travel the family briefly to Pittsburgh and then to Carlisle, Pennsylvania. Moore attended Metzger Institute done high school and then enrolled at Bryn Mawr College in 1905. At Bryn Mawr Moore she published poems in two of the schools literary magazines Tipyn OBob and the Lantern. She majored in history, law, and politics, and graduated in 1909. After graduating Moore took secretarial courses at Carlisle Commercial College and then taught bookkeeping, stenography, typing, commercial English, and law. i In 1915 Moore began to publish poems professionally. Moore first published seven poems in the Egoist, which was a London magazine edited by Hilda Doolittle. Four poems were published in Poetry A Magazine of Verse. Five of her poems were published in Others. In 1916 Moore moved with her mother to Chatham, New Jersey, to live with her brother, who was a Presbyterian minister. When he joined the Navy in 1918 Moore and her mother moved to Manhattan. It was at this time that she became friendly with other artists much(prenominal) as Alfred Kreymborg, photographer Alfred Stieglitz, poets Wallace Stevens and William Carlos Williams. H.D., T.S. Eliot, and Ezra Pound also esteemed her. In 1920 Moores work began to appear in the distinguished pro-modernist magazine, the Dial. From 1921 until 1925 Moore worked as an assistant in the Hudson super acid branch of the... ... Marianne Moore Chronology, http//mam.english.sbc.edu/TSE.htmlxiv EngelWorks CitedBooks Elizabeth W. Joyce, Cultural Critique and Abstraction (London Associated University Press 1998) Charles Molesworth, Ma rianne Moore A Literary Life. (New York Atheneum Publishing Company, 1990) Websites Elaine Oswald and Robert L. Gale, On Marianne Moores Life and Career, (Modern American Poetry). http//www.english.uiuc.edu/maps/poets/m_r/moore/life.html Bernard F. Engel, Marianne Moore, (Heath Online teachers Guide) April 13, 2004. http//college.hmco.com/english/heath/syllabuild/iguide/moore.html Marianne Moore, (Academy of American Poets) April 13, 2004. http//www.poets.org/poets/poets.cfm?45442B7C000C0F02Marianne Moore Chronology, http//mam.english.sbc.edu/TSE.html

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis :: Biology Essays Research Papers

Amyotrophic Lateral SclerosisHave you ever had an experience of morning paralysis where you see yourself guile down, and you think youre awake so you try to get up, but suddenly you realize that you tooshiet move? I take away, several measure. They have been the most frustrating and scariest times of my life. As I try harder to move, concentrating all my energy into moving one arm, the deeper I seem to be sinking in this indescribable feeling of entrapment. I hear the people outside my room and try to get their attention by screaming. Instead, I hear a soft slurred sound approach shot from my throat. Then I start to panic. I cant breathe My energy is depleted and my body is exhausted. Eventually, I start to relax. The first time this happened to me, a mosquito landed on my big toe while I was thinking of what to do. Without being consciously aware of it, I move my big toe. My body jerks and suddenly I can move Thank God for the mosquito, otherwise I wouldnt have known that all I had to do was move my big toe towards me. Ever since, whenever I would have another one of these experiences, I would relax and gently move my big toe towards me. If youve had one of these experiences, then youve probably had a glimpse of how it feels to have a fully developed amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), more commonly known as Lou Gehrigs disease, is a neurological disorder that involves the degeneration of force back neurons. A-myo-trophic is derived from the Greek language. A connotes something negative or none. Myo means it has something to do with the muscles. Trophic translates to nourishment. (1) The term Lateral is attributed to the parts of the spinal cord that ALS usually affects. (2) The scarring that results from the degeneration of these neurons and nerves in the spinal cord is known as sclerosis. (2) In 1941, Lou Gehrig, a famous baseball player, died of ALS. His name has been associated with this progressive fatal neuromuscula r disease ever since. (3) Another person whose name is associated with this disease is the French neurologist, Dr. Jean-Martin Charcot. He was the first to identify that motor neurons from the spinal cord are the principal(prenominal) part of the nervous system affected by this disease, in 1869. For that, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is also known as maladie de Charcot.

Bosnia-Herzegovina genocide :: essays research papers

Bosnia-Herzegovina genocide Genocide, the systematic and planned extermination of an entire national, racial, political, or ethnic group. From 1992-1995 that was happening in Bosnia-Herzegovina. In the Republic of Bosnia-Herzegovina, conflict between the three main ethnic groups, the Serbs, Croats, and Muslims, resulted in genocide committed by the Serbs against the Muslims in Bosnia. Bosnia is one of several small countries that emerged from the break-up of Yugoslavia, a multicultural country created after World War I by the Western Allies. Yugoslavia was composed of ethnic and spectral groups that had been historical rivals, even bitter enemies, including the Serbs (Orthodox Christians), Croats (Catholics) and ethnic Albanians (Muslims).During World War II, Yugoslavia was invaded by Nazi Germany and was partitioned. A fierce resistance movement sprang up led by Josip Tito. Following Germanys defeat, Tito reunified Yugoslavia under the slogan "Brotherhood and Unity," mergi ng together Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia, Serbia, Montenegro, Macedonia, along with two self-governing provinces, Kosovo and Vojvodina. Tito, a Communist, was a strong leader who maintained ties with the Soviet Union and the United States during the Cold War, playing one superpower against the other while obtaining financial assistance and other aid from both. After his death in 1980 and without his strong leadership, Yugoslavia quickly plunged into political and economic chaos. A new leader arose by the late 1980s, a Serbian named Slobodan Milosevic, a former Communist who had off-key to nationalism and religious hatred to gain power. He began by inflaming long-standing tensions between Serbs and Muslims in the independent provence of Kosovo. Orthodox Christian Serbs in Kosovo were in the minority and claimed they were being mistreated by the Albanian Muslim majority. Serbian-backed political unrest in Kosovo eventually led to its loss of independence and domination by Milosevic. In June 1991, Slovenia and Croatia both declared their independence from Yugoslavia soon resulting in civil war. The national army of Yugoslavia, now made up of Serbs controlled by Milosevic, stormed into Slovenia but failed to subdue the separatists at that place and withdrew after only ten days of fighting. Milosevic quickly lost interest in Slovenia, a country with almost no Serbs. Instead, he turned his trouble to Croatia, a Catholic country where Orthodox Serbs made up 12 percent of the population. During World War II, Croatia had been a pro-Nazi state led by stake Pavelic and his fascist Ustasha Party. Serbs living in Croatia as well as Jews had been the targets of widespread Ustasha massacres.

Bosnia-Herzegovina genocide :: essays research papers

Bosnia-Herzegovina genocide Genocide, the systematic and planned extermination of an entire national, racial, semipolitical, or ethnic group. From 1992-1995 that was happening in Bosnia-Herzegovina. In the Republic of Bosnia-Herzegovina, contest between the three main ethnic groups, the Serbs, Croats, and Muslims, resulted in genocide committed by the Serbs against the Muslims in Bosnia. Bosnia is one of several small countries that emerged from the break-up of Yugoslavia, a multicultural unpolished created after World war I by the Western Allies. Yugoslavia was composed of ethnic and religious groups that had been historical rivals, even bitter enemies, including the Serbs (Orthodox Christians), Croats (Catholics) and ethnic Albanians (Muslims).During World War II, Yugoslavia was invaded by Nazi Germany and was partitioned. A fierce resistance movement sprang up led by Josip Tito. Following Germanys defeat, Tito reunified Yugoslavia under the slogan "Brotherhood and Unity,& quot merging together Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia, Serbia, Montenegro, Macedonia, along with two self-governing provinces, Kosovo and Vojvodina. Tito, a Communist, was a strong leader who maintained ties with the Soviet Union and the United States during the Cold War, playing one force against the other while obtaining financial assistance and other aid from both. After his death in 1980 and without his strong leadership, Yugoslavia quickly plunged into political and economic chaos. A bleak leader arose by the late 1980s, a Serbian named Slobodan Milosevic, a former Communist who had turned to nationalism and religious hatred to gain power. He began by inflaming long-standing tensions between Serbs and Muslims in the independent provence of Kosovo. Orthodox Christian Serbs in Kosovo were in the minority and claimed they were being mistreated by the Albanian Muslim majority. Serbian-backed political unrest in Kosovo eventually led to its loss of independence and domination by Milose vic. In June 1991, Slovenia and Croatia both declared their independence from Yugoslavia soon resulting in civil war. The national army of Yugoslavia, now made up of Serbs controlled by Milosevic, stormed into Slovenia but failed to subdue the separatists there and withdrew after only ten days of fighting. Milosevic quickly bewildered interest in Slovenia, a country with almost no Serbs. Instead, he turned his attention to Croatia, a Catholic country where Orthodox Serbs made up 12 percent of the population. During World War II, Croatia had been a pro-Nazi state led by Ante Pavelic and his fascist Ustasha Party. Serbs living in Croatia as well as Jews had been the targets of widespread Ustasha massacres.

Women in Prehistory: Gender in Mycenaean

Womans in PrehistoryGender in MycenaeanIntroductionIn the ancient universe, thither were societal powers made for different gender as potents and egg-producing(prenominal)s vie different affaires in the society. Evidence of the archeologic stuffs put in Crete provides randomness on the functions played by realise forces and mature females in Minoan society, particularly to the Mycenaean Greeks. Some research run short outers, establishing on the intellect of the graphics have suggested that braggy females in Mycenaean did non merely play a function of rise uping kids precisely in addition played al around other functions. Some research weeers have suggested, during the equivalent period, slightly self-aggrandising females have more than freedom in unity civilization than those in other civilizations.Mycenaean Age ( 1600-1100 BC )The Mycenaean get along dates back to the Bronze Age around 1600 BC to 1100 BC. It is presently an archaeological site in Greece foun d in the Peloponnese, Southern Greece. The archaeological remains found at Mycenaean have great importance in stating about the history of the Mycenaean age and its civilization. The remains found at the castle in Mycenae and the sums of ownership found in the Gravess indicate the prosperity and richness of the Mycenaean civilisation.Before the Mycenaean period, the dominant civilization in Greece was the Minoan. The Mycenaean defeated the Minoan and therefore replacing it in the urban center of Troy. The Mycenaean civilization was dominant around the chief metropoliss of Mycenae which include Pylos, Tiryns, Athens, Orchomenos, Thebes and Folkseir. The Mycenaean civilization overly was in the ruins of Knossos, unity of the large metropoliss in the Minoan period. The combination of the Minoan and Mycenaean led to the coming up of a civilization found in Crete ( Anna 59 ) .The home variegation hapless and the rich during the Mycenaean become more constituted. More wealth was reser ved for the male monarch and other royal governments. There was besides a great separation in gender, where the male and female had different functions to play in the society. The Mycenaean exhibited warrior civilization which was one of the functions played by work forces in the Mycenaean. The warriors in Mycenaean were besides prep bed for the scrap as a manner of protecting the wealth and cultural hoarded wealths of the metropolis. They were besides great bargainers who hold contact with other trade spouses ilk the Europe and the Mediterranean. The grounds of the outstanding constructions built during the Mycenaean period like great castles, Bridgess, abode and grave shows that they were besides great applied scientists ( Paul 75 ) .The History of Gender Structures and Role in the Ancient GreeceMinoan civilisation ( ca. 2600ca. 14,500 BCE ) was the earliest period of Grecian history. The Crete Island had galore(postnominal) castles of extremely centralised civilization, where as the Knossos was the nearly of import. Archaeological grounds of stuff remains of the Knossos civilization which comprise of pictures on the walls of the castles provide merely guesss and non clear grounds on the constructions of gender and their functions.Many pictures found have shown fully grown females looking active in public like braggart(a) females in athleticss of acrobat where they vault over the dorsums of bulls that ar unsafe and besides taking constituent in Minoan rites. But their mere presence as seen in the pictures does non precisely say about their function in the society. One can neer judge whether the participants in the acrobats were trained slaves, blue young persons or even captives who were fixing to be abandoned as a forfeit. There were besides statues which suggested the Minoan faith chiefly worshipped goddess figures. However, this can non be used to do a decision about the luxuriously stance of adult females in Minoan ( Chapman 74 ) .The Minoan ar t of picture besides depicted adult female holding white tegument and work forces with brown tegument. This suggests that the blue adult females in society led an inactive life in shelters and were seldom exposed to the outside universe, whereas work forces experienced the adversities of the outside universe through out-of-door undertakings like war, concern and agribusiness.The invasion of Aegean island and Greece by the Greek-speaking people led to the outgrowth of Mycenaean civilization ( ca. 1600ca. 1100 BCE. ) by absorbing the Minoan civilization. Many verse forms like the Odyssey and Iliad and myths came from this period. The Mycenaean civilization was dominated by the blue warriors whose position was gained through triumph in the conflict and collection of loot from where they concur. The lives of adult females in Mycenaean were under the control of work forces, that is their hubbies, male p bents and sometimes even by their boies. work force literally enured the adult fem ales in Mycenaean below the belt. However, adult females had a opportunity to asseverate themselves through their strong influence on some powerful relative male ( Shelton 62 ) . The Mycenaean cultured ended and Greece came into a dark age where the society split into single farmsteads and little small towns.The Role of feminine in MycenaeanIt is app atomic number 18nt that to Mycenaean did non conform to male dominance excessively much as evident in some other country. The archaeological grounds found indicate that adult females took portion in rightfully of import functions in public life in the urban like beingness officials, decision makers they were besides priestesses and took portion in some athleticss that in most instances they are dominated by work forces like overleaping over bull which are unsafe. These athleticss which required a batch of bravery and high acrobatic accomplishments were dominated by both work forces and adult females.In Mycenaean, adult females were presented to be really adept in entrepreneurship and trade plants. They besides held political duties. Archaeological grounds suggests that most priests in Mycenaean were adult females. Despite the fact that most male monarchs in castles in Mycenaean were work forces, it is true that both the Mycenaean and Minoan society were non chiefly patriarchal. Most archaeologists believe that both the Mycenaean and the Minoan were matrilinear due to the grounds of their goddess faith ( Komita 66 ) .Most of the adult females in Mycenaean were non confined to the domestic domain in their operation. There is grounds that some adult females were cooks, Millers, Fullers, weavers, hosts, physicians, vocalists, cellar keepers, terpsichoreans and instrumentalists. In most instances such activities were associated with the temple and the castle which were the primary centres of finance and production in the Mycenaean. There were great workshops in the castles for framework production, metalwork and o ther fabrication workshops. Women worked in these castles and therefore played a important function in the economic system of Mycenaean.Womans who worked in these workshops are listed in tabular array B. For case, at the castle of Pylon, there were 1400 adult females working in the castle, which was twice the figure of work forces working in the fabric and vesture workshops, leather workings grain processing every bit good as family attenders in different sorts. The adult females besides held high position occupations in Mycenaean. The adult females in Mycenaean who served as priestesses experienced greater independency in their work and were responsible for some indispensable map in the society.Some adult females in the Mycenaean like the priestesses and other female who held sacred duties possessed big pieces of land and they were accorded high position in the community. These adult females had greater independency and control over sacred hoarded wealths of the temple as it was r ecorded that some priestesses donated some bronze from the temple for military intents. Fiscal independency was non merely limited to the priestesses as it was mentioned in the tabular array that one adult female who was non a priest own and orchard.Harmonizing to the reading of more bookmans of the information in tabular array B, many adult females in the Mycenaean received half as much of what the work forces received for their work. However, other bookmans like Judy Turner and Jon-Christian Billigmeier believe that the grounds in table B indicates equal compensation for both work forces and adult females for their work. Unequal wage between work forces and adult females, nevertheless, did non impact the baronial adult females who were accorded the right to inherit and were besides given big doweries because they had a large part of heritage ( Anna 61 ) . This shows that adult females of the upper category in Mycenaean had power to command their ain wealth and continue it for the mselves and those that were to inherit from them.The Role of Pylos and Knossos Women in MycenaeanAt least 1200 adult females are approximated to be in the workgroup at Knossos. The lists are similar to those recorded at Pylos, which indicated slave adult females and groups of low position. It is indicated that more than a jet adult females of low position worked in the fabric industries in Knossos. However, these womens functions were non confined in and around the castle merely like in Pylos, but besides worked in many other towns and small towns in Crete. They were under the control of Mycenaean masters.Most of the fabric industries were located far off from some really of import concerns that were organized by the castle. altogether the cloth production work was designate to adult females. Most of the slaves during Mycenaean were adult females. There are different sort of cloth production set for the local adult females and that for slaves. The slaves were allowed to be free f or the remainder of the twelvemonth after completing the undertaking they were assigned which normally took three to six months. This gave the adult females a opportunity to run into their households and carry out other household functions at place ( Paul 74 ) .Womans in Mycenaean besides had the duty of mediating to the Gods on behalf of their households and on behalf of their metropolis provinces excessively. This was because adult females could talk straight to the Gods, unlike the work forces. Furthermore, they had permeable organic structures which were more unfastened to nonhuman influence.Harmonizing to the Grecian civilization, the female organic structures, peculiarly the uterus were considered to be something dark and unknown and it was potentially unsafe. This made them to be more meet than work forces in doing contact with an facet of deity that were unpredictable ( Komita 67 ) . This thought is besides reflected in the vulnerable nature of adult females during rites li ke doing forfeits. In order to acquire gods attending, they shriek emotional as they greeted the deities. They besides came up with plaints during funerals to convey out their heartache and besides to pacify the dead.Women besides took a function in fixing cadavers for entombment because their organic structures were associated with passage of events in life like birth and decease. Women hence, had great functions to play in spiritual affairs in Mycenaean and that is the ground why most priests in Mycenaean were adult females.The Role of Male in MycenaeanDuring the Mycenaean period, work forces controlled the greater portion of the belongings in the society than adult females. Work force of all societal position in Mycenaean had control over so many trade goods than adult females. Some of these trade goods under the control of work forces were really owned by adult females. They could entree more trade goods in the society than adult females. For case, adult females in Mycenaean nee r received alien good from the castles like unctions and spices, metal or metal vass, objects that were made of horn or horn, Equus caballuss, arms, chariots and armours which had the symbols of the opinion elite.Work forces were shepherds and Shearers of sheep that provided the wool for the fabric industry. The Mycenaean kept so many sheep that provided equal natural stuff for the fabric industry, which was one of the most of import economic activities in Mycenaean.Work force besides took leading functions in Mycenaean civilization. The male monarchs in the castles were all male monarchs and political science authorization places that help the male monarch were watchn by work forces. Womens leading was chiefly limited in spiritual affairs composition other leading places and authorization were held by work forces. The male monarch therefore, together with other work forces in the royal circle possessed most of the wealth in the community, making great category differences betwe en the rich and the ( Shelton 63 ) . Work force had besides the duty of protecting the society, the cultural hoarded wealths and the metropoliss. All the warriors were work forces and they formed a really strong ground forces. They were besides readily prepared for the conflict.The warriors fought different conflicts emerging with the triumph and brought place prisoners who became slaves in Mycenaean. However, in about 1100 BCE Mycenaean was burned and destroyed most likely by the invading Dorian. Evidence shows that its being continued as a little metropolis provinces and the walls were non destroyed. 480 BC work forces of Mycenaean were sent to Thermopylae to contend against the Persians. In 479 BC the work forces of Mycenaean were at Plataea and in 470 BC, their neighbours Argos who were really hostile and had been impersonal in the Persian war took retaliation by beleaguering Mycenaean. In 468 BC, the Argos defeated the Mycenaean warriors and it was destroyed ( Gagarin 94 ) .Mo st of the concern activities in Mycenaean were carried out by work forces. They were great bargainers who contacted other trade spouses from other states like the Europe and Mediterranean.In Mycenaean, work forces were besides instrumentalists and played really of import functions, particularly in spiritual maps. Most of the grounds found about instrumentalists, showed the male instrumentalists and they played their music in standing places. Apart from elegant representation of instrumentalists, there were besides remains of tuneful instruments that were found in Gravess of Mycenae where they were placed in the Gravess as valuable goods. From the grounds findings, we can reason that the musical instruments found are already discerned in percussion, air current and stringed instruments. Some of the most of import archaeological findings of musical instruments include the weaponries of tusk that came from Menidi and they had been formed into a duck caput and besides some parts of ly re that were found in the grave of Spatar and Mycenae ( Chadwick 70 ) .Separation in Gender in MycenaeanIn Mycenaean though non much, but at that place was a difference between the functions played work forces and adult females and how they were treated in assorted fortunes. The rewards given to adult females and work forces for the work done was non equal despite even when they did a comparatively equal undertaking. For case, in Hittite context work forces were give higher than adult females for comparatively tantamount labour. Harmonizing to Hittite Law Code in subdivision 158, wages for work forces and adult females who were hired during crop are indicated. Their payment was settled in steps of grain. In a month, a adult male received 10 steps while a adult female received either four or six. Sometimes, the wage for a adult male was 12 boodles of Ag while that for a adult female was six boodles. This is in the ratio of 21 for work forces and adult females severally ( Paul 58 ) . Harmonizing to the reading of tabular array B by many bookmans, adult females in Mycenaean received every bit half as much pay for the work they did as what work forces received. However, some bookmans have argued that the grounds from table B indicate an equal ratio of wheat and some other signifiers of payment used during the Mycenaean period for work forces and adult females.Another separation is besides seen in the spiritual affairs in Mycenaean where merely adult females were given the opportunity to take spiritual activities. Their bloody nature was considered to be more suited for reaching the deities unlike work forces. They, hence, led most of the spiritual maps in the society like the offering of forfeits and carry oning burial ceremonials. They besides prayed on behalf of their household and the whole society and interceded to the Gods on behalf of work forces.In the leading sector, there was besides separation where most of the leaders, including the male monarch were m ale. Womens leading was merely limited to spiritual affairs. Men dominated most of the royal places in Mycenaean and had all the authorization. Men besides had much control of trade good belongings than adult females. They had entree to more trade goods in the society than adult females. All work forces, irrespective of their societal or economic position had much power over trade goods in the community some of which were owned by adult females. This showed a great lower status in the power of adult females over ownership of belongings ( Chapman 88 ) . Most of the lands in Mycenaean were owned by work forces except for the adult females who were priestesses and some few other adult females who were non priestesses but still owned some land.In this society, gender dealingss were apparent. Womans did take on their ain muliebrity, looking at how they wore their apparels every bit good as presuming a really critical function within their ain society. Some of the adult females still use d to move into really important functions in the political relations of this society. This brought rather a passage in the Mycenaean society.Decision opposed excessively many civilizations and society, it can be observed that the Mycenaean civilization had small differences in the functions played by work forces and adult females. Womans are seen to take portion in activities that would instead be suited for work forces. They perform good in different sectors merely like their male opposite verse such as in athleticss, in occupations and in cultural and spiritual affairs.Plants citedPaul, A. Mycenaean Divinities . Northridge, CA California State University. 2010. Retrieved 29 April 2015.Chapman, R. Changing Social dealing in the Mediterranean Copper and Bronze Ages . In Blake, Emma Knapp, A. Bernard. The Archaeology of Mediterranean Prehistory. Oxford and Malden Blackwell Publishing. 2005 pp.77101.Chadwick, J. The Mycenaean World. Cambridge University Press. 1976. Retrieved A pril 29 2015.Gagarin, M. The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece and Rome1. New York and Oxford Oxford University Press. 2010.Shelton, K. Living and Dying in and Around Middle Helladic Mycenae . In Philippa-Touchais, Anna, T. , Voutsaki, S. et Al. The Grecian Mainland in the Middle Bronze Age ( Bulletin de CorrespondanceHellenique Supplement, Volume 52 ) . Athinais EcolefrancaisedAthenes. 2010 pp.5765.Komita, N. The Grave Circles at Mycenae and the Early Aryans . look for Reports of Ikutoku Technical University, ( A-7 ) , 1982 5970.

A Famous Person

Tun Dr. Mahathir bin Mohamad (written in Jawi , born on July 10, 1925). He is well known by Dr. M was the fourth Prime Minister of Malaysia. Using a archetypal name itself, Che Det as a pen name, he has written the first article published by The Straits Times Singapore on July 20, 1947 authorize Malay Women Make Their Own Freedom (Malay Women Creating Your Own Freedom).When the term of his leadership from 16 July 1981 until 31 October 2003, he managed to bring development through policies and formulation victory inspired other countries to lift Malaysia to the world stage as sensation of the more viable in Southeast Asia to have named as one of the countries Asiatic Economic Tiger. His most memorable parturiency Malaysia and the international community as to bring Malaysia out of the 1997 Asian Financial Crisis in which he rejected the project as well as assistance from the IMF funds which he claimed would worsen the crisis.Radical measures taken great dikiritik time by ma ny parties, including the IMF itself. In fact, the effort was in like manner criticized even long after the crisis ended in which he expressed criticism and praise is the norm for politicians and it is up to the assessment of any party. He is a semipolitical figure who is vocal on international issues until there is a spark controversy. He supports Market Economic System control as an substitute to Private Economic System and generally rejected the Free Market (laissez-faire).Style rule Dr. He also often labeled as coercive criticized by various parties, including the body and the international media (eg, title of the article about his retirement by The New York Times concluded his autocratic nature passim his political career), especially berhubunng Security Act which he explained as a precaution taken only at the insistence of the time (he accepted and rejected account readers with different arguments).Besides, he could not escape the accusation of cronyism, as other leaders in the world. Among the high-profile projects (also called mega-projects) developed at the time of administration, including the Penang Bridge, the Petronas Twin Towers, Kuala Lumpur world-wide airdrome (KLIA), the Multimedia Super Corridor (MSC), and the Administrative Center Putrajaya International Circuit Sepang.Retired in October 2003, Dr Mahathir was awarded the Decoration Seri Maharaja Mangku Negara which carries the title Tun. He was also named as the sustain of modernization Malaysia for successfully developing Malaysia into a new industry respected country among developing countries. Period of 22 years as prime minister as a leader made him the second longest in office is in Southeast Asia after President Suharto of Indonesia.A Famous soulfulnessTun Dr. Mahathir bin Mohamad (written in Jawi , born on July 10, 1925). He is well known by Dr. M was the fourth Prime Minister of Malaysia. Using a first name itself, Che Det as a pen name, he has written the first articl e published by The Straits Times Singapore on July 20, 1947 entitled Malay Women Make Their Own Freedom (Malay Women Creating Your Own Freedom).When the term of his leadership from 16 July 1981 until 31 October 2003, he managed to bring development through policies and planning success inspired other countries to lift Malaysia to the world stage as one of the more viable in Southeast Asia to have named as one of the countries Asian Economic Tiger. His most memorable effort Malaysia and the international community as to bring Malaysia out of the 1997 Asian Financial Crisis in which he rejected the proposal as well as assistance from the IMF funds which he claimed would worsen the crisis.Radical measures taken great dikiritik time by many parties, including the IMF itself. In fact, the effort was also criticized even long after the crisis ended in which he expressed criticism and praise is the norm for politicians and it is up to the assessment of any party. He is a political figure w ho is vocal on international issues until there is a spark controversy. He supports Market Economic System control as an alternative to Private Economic System and generally rejected the Free Market (laissez-faire).Style rule Dr. He also often labeled as autocratic criticized by various parties, including the body and the international media (eg, title of the article about his retirement by The New York Times concluded his autocratic nature throughout his political career), especially berhubunng Security Act which he explained as a precaution taken only at the insistence of the time (he accepted and rejected explanation readers with different arguments).Besides, he could not escape the accusation of cronyism, as other leaders in the world. Among the high-profile projects (also called mega-projects) developed at the time of administration, including the Penang Bridge, the Petronas Twin Towers, Kuala Lumpur International Airport (KLIA), the Multimedia Super Corridor (MSC), and the Adm inistrative Center Putrajaya International Circuit Sepang.Retired in October 2003, Dr Mahathir was awarded the Decoration Seri Maharaja Mangku Negara which carries the title Tun. He was also named as the Father of Modernisation Malaysia for successfully developing Malaysia into a new industry respected country among developing countries. Period of 22 years as prime minister as a leader made him the second longest in office is in Southeast Asia after President Suharto of Indonesia.

How significant the impact of corporate social responsibility is associated to the legitimacy theory and stakeholder theory Essay

The re appear argona that I think is both important and of disport is the significance of corporate amicable responsibility. With the development of academic theory in accounting field, the re front of corporate social responsibility (CSR) has gained great promotions. And those re anticipatees have brought most difficult influences to corporations and publics.The importance of this discussion of significance of corporate social responsibility dis arrest is that it can affect many groups of people and a lot of perspectives of nightspot to a large extent. In cast words, the disclosure of CSR can be very critical to a society. some other element that presents me feel CSR is important is that approximately companies may change their practices to respond to the expectations of the society when there is a CSR issue within these companies. For this case, CSR read/write head could potentially facilitate certain industries to a better future.In addition, CSR is important likewise beca design that it now trends to involve into a very large prescribe of perseverance. The CSR became a wide concerned issue. Thus, these factors inescapably draw my anxiety on to it. The topic of corporate social responsibility is still a young object to study compargond with other old theories. This is why this topic attracts me to research it. moreover, even though CSR has drawn all of the attention from public and companies, there be still plenty misperceptions and many vague parts about it. The purposes of this paper ar to clarity the savvy of CSR in many different points of medical prognosis based on my researches on the topic.Research questionThe research question of this article, which drew my attention to explore into the theories of accounting area, is that how significant the impact of corporate social responsibility is associated to the authenticity theory and stakeholder theory. This question led to many interesting facts which will be listed below.Academic Art icles1. embodied social responsibility evolution of a denitional Carroll (1999) discussed the history of the evolution of the concept and definition of CSR. As Carroll found, in the 1990s, the CSR conception bridged considerably to alternate themes such as stakeholder theory, business ethical motive theory, CSP, and corporate citisenship. Carroll holds a positive perspective that CSR will nevertheless affect the stakeholder society, particularly at the global level and new emerging technologies arenas, and commercial applications.Thus, the author believes that the CSR has a bright prospective because at its core, it addresses and captures the most important concerns of the public relating to business and society dealinghips. It is also set that in the last two decades, CSR continually worked as a core hit but yields to or is transformed into alternative thematic frameworks. 2. Refinements to Legitimacy opening in Social and Environmental Accounting In this paper, Tilling (2004 ) showed some points that is relevant to my research.To begin with, he gave the definition of Legitimacy to build the discussion of social and environmental accounting area. In addition, the author also identified some of the more topical developments in the ethical and management aspects on corporations and legitimacy. For example, the author present fundamental concepts of layers of legitimacy theory. The table brought some ideas about legitimacy theory in different perspectives and it illustrated the phases of an organisation in managing its legitimacy. Moreover, Tilling made some can thoughts that the contributions of legitimacy theory that have already been made by accounting researchers that are yet to be fully recognised, which means that the essences of legitimacy theory are non fully grasped.Therefore, this explained why social and environment disclosures are unpaid worker. 3. The Role of Theory in Explaining Motivation for Corporate Social Disclosures Voluntary Disclosu res vs Solicited Disclosures Van der Laan (2009) investigates that it is voluntary in nature to public corporate social disclosures (CSD) for entities in early stage since CSR has been developed. And then the author found that the interests of researchers are moving to pauperizational aspects of disclosures of CSR. More and more companies are requested to report on their interactions with society in various forms which involves the status solicited. This phenomenon indicates that the nourish of describe CSR is increasingly important.It can be regarded as a natural consequence that the style of disclosure study is likely to be demanded other than only if from voluntary actions due to the increasing stresses on organisations to be responsible. Stakeholder theory and legitimacy theory are viewed as explanations of motivations of CSR disclosures. Thus, to stakeholders, legitimacy theory is about management notions rather than accountability. 4. Legitimacy theory a story of report ing social and environmental matters within the Australian sustenance and beverage industry In this research, Guthrie, Cuganesan & Ward (2006) mentioned the links between the companys choice of legalization strategies and companys level of profile.The authors assumed companies as high profile and low profile. It states that the higher profile the enterprises are, the more possibilities to disclose more CSR information will be. This may be because of the natural quality of this particular industry. Companies in different industries have different motivations towards legitimation owing to their different activities on CSR. Another point is that corporations with high profiles trend to apply more disclosure strategies in order to change expectations and perceptions of public and deflect attention of them. Based on the view of legitimacy theory, this article concludes that CSR is likely to be a trend of corporations to report, which means that, within the legitimacy theory, the CSR si gnificantly affected companies strategies in most aspects.5. Social reporting in the tobacco industry all smoke and mirrors? Due to the particularity of tobacco industry, the possibility of facing serious erosion of legitimacy appears more in tobacco industry than any other industries. Thus, the effects on mentioning CSR in reports in tobacco industry are likely to be greater than in other businesses. Moerman & Van der Laan (2005) states the process that use social reporting to fix the commotion between the social and the economic. Moerman & Van der Laan cited specific data to clarify this belief.With the understanding of legitimacy theory and stakeholder theory, World Health Organisation extends the notion of stakeholders that have the potential to exercise pressure on the legitimacy of an industry via global laws control. 6. Gaining legitimacy in contemporary world environmental and social activities of organisations This article studies the relations between environmental and s ocial motions of organisations and organisational legitimacy. According to Emtairah and Mont (2008), the first point can be made is that CSR activities are likely to influence legitimation efforts of organisations. For instance, energy producing companies are willing to reduce the carbon emission in order to sustain the legitimacy to meet collective set of societal expectations to maintain social license to operate.The second point classifies that how those potential variations influence these differences as constructs for further empirical research when companies made choices of CSR activities for legitimation purposes and the conditions. Overall, this article states the reasons for companies to disclose their corporate social responsibility. 7. The Business Case for Corporate Social Responsibility A inspection of Concepts, Research and Practice In this discussion, Carroll & Shabana (2010) states some features of business case for corporate social responsibility (CSR).The study of the business case mentions the cause why the companies should drive and improve their CSR. In addition, Carroll & Shabana gives the answers of what the business communities and organizations get out of CSR. Moreover, the most important view that Carroll & Shabana made is that with the evolving understandings of CSR and some of the long-established, the current responsibilities of companies to society is beyond prot-seeking and act the maximum wealth, which indicates that corporations should be responsible to their stakeholders even if it occurs sacrifices on profit. Studying business case of CSR may produce some outcomes in good ways which are reducing appeal and risk, strengthening legitimacy and reputation, building competitive advantage and creating winwin situations. 8. The Future of Corporate Social Responsibility ReportingIn this case, Maguire (2011) pointed out the impacts that CSR has produced to the whole world by analysing the quantity of CSR reporting of different per iods. According to the statistics from CorporateRegister.com, in 2009, around 4,000 corporations published CSR disclosures which this figure is 10 times greater than it used to be in the mid of 1990s. Although companies are increasingly attempting to disclose reports about their social and environmental effects, reporting on such non-financial data has not yet become the majority.More statistics showed that, in 2009, almost 90% of the Fortune Global 100 issued CSR reports, but most stakeholders are still not terminate with the social and environmental performance of these corporations. The author concludes that CSR reporting is certainly important for future years. 9. Shareholder value versus stakeholder determine CSR and nancialisation in global food rms Jones & Nisbet (2011) studies the range of CSR which includes a test case of food manufacturing industry. It investigates the causes of CSR that arises from the nancialisation of company strategies and how these dene and rank soc ial promises and roles within such internal institutions.By analysing the four biggest global entities case, the negotiated closure of two specic factories verifies an incompatibility between deeming employees as stakeholders and CSR as a business strategy. This paper concluded that corporate CSR perspectives on stakeholder partnerships are highly trammel in scope. In addition, global firms CSR with in financialised markets are unlikely to complement or replace unalloyed market forces, or state prescript and intervention. It is beyond either neoliberal, socioeco-nomic governance by markets, or welfare regulation by public authorities. 10. Does CSR Reduce Firm Risk?Evidence from Controversial Industry Sectors Jo & Na (2012) clarified the links between CSR and firm risk in debatable industry sectors, such as alcohol, tobacco, gambling and so on and the result is found that CSR contest inversely influences company risk after controlling for various characteristics of corporations. Jo & Na employ a system equation method and difference regressions to insistently search that CSR engagement of firms in controversial industry sectors negatively affects firm risk in order to cope with endogeneity problem. Authors found that, through CSR engagement, the influence of risk diminution is more economically and statistically important in controversial industry companies than the companies in non-controversial industry.ExpectationsIn responding to the research question, the findings are expected to be appeared from academic text file that variously content the information about the relation between CSR and its influences to this society through legitimacy or stakeholder theory perspective. The expectations of results can be general or specific. For example, one result expected to be found is the conditions of interacted impacts based on the fundamental relations between legitimacy theory, stakeholder theory and CSR. Based on that finding, a further expectation can be m ade that whether CSR affects the legitimacy of a company and to what extent. Furthermore, I expect to find out what kind of corporations or industries are influenced or influenced most and to response what steps they will take to sustain existence.Another expectation of proper findings is the understanding of the role of theory in explaining motivation CSR and for what reasons that companies are voluntary or solicited. Moreover, the concept of what benefits CSR strategy may conduct to corporations is required by the research question. In addition, the future forecast about CSR is also required in this topic. Lastly, how to make decisions between stakeholder theory and shareholder theory has to be discussed. Since the level of research we have done so far, more profound discussion should occur. The expectation can be whether CSR can complement or replace certain nature functions of the society or economy.Accounting TheoriesThe accounting theories that aptitude help me to explain th e expectations I have for my research question are positive theory, legitimacy theory, stakeholder theory, shareholder theory and corporate social responsibility (CSR) theory. controlling theory explain, predict organisations activities. This theory is the fundamental for other theories. Legitimacy theory posits that business organisations are bound by the social contract to undertake socially desired actions in return for approval of their existence, goals and rewards from their activities.This theory has close relationship with CSR issues. Stakeholder theory suggests that the purpose of a business is to create as much value as possible for stakeholders while keep the interests of customers, suppliers, employees, communities and shareholders aligned and going in the same direction. Contrastively, shareholder Theory describes that businesses do not have any good obligations or social responsibilities at all, other than to maximize their own profit. Shareholder and stakeholder theo ries are normative theories for CSR, guiding what a organisations role ought to be. Corporate social responsibility refers to the way that a business takes into account the financial, environmental and social impacts of decisions and actions it is involved in. This description meets the core of this article.Data CollectionTo collect affluent data for this essay, I chose data base as my searching method. By accessing to UTAS account, I can simply use the library data base functions to search what I want. This is a timesaving and multi-functional approach. The reason why I made this point is that the library data base of UTAS has enormous resources and various types of articles such books, journals, dissertations, newspaper articles etc. I can easily use it to find the information. Moreover, the searching data base has many other functions, which require login, that are very convenient.For example, when I search an article, the resources are listed out really fast and it is automatic ally in a sequence of the most relevant outcomes. This procedure saves a lot of time from eliminating idle articles. The preview factor is amenity as well. After searching some particular key words, when I move my mouse onto any titles of the search results, without clicking on it, a preview window jumps out with all the brief information about this article. The best function is the save this item button, which I can use to save useful articles neatly and simply.ethical motiveIt is important to know that ethics is a bottom line of the work and research by our hands to lift hurting other people or ourselves. Ethical considerations play important role during my research. Ethics approval helps to ensure that research complies with established guidelines. What I charter to do at UTAS to obtain ethical approval is to plan the research project and find an organization to review on the plan.The Research Integrity and Ethics Sub-Committee (RIEC) can offer some help to me to obtain the et hical approval at UTAS. I can also go to the Research Integrity Advisers (RIAs) to request for help. Clear view can be made that I have the duty to ensure the integrity of my work and that my research enhances the good name of UTAS and the profession. I am also required to observe ethical, professional and legal responsibilities in the conduct of research. In addition, I am aware of that students moldiness apply for ethics approval prior to the recruitment of participants and the commencement of any data collection. It is not possible to retrospective ethics approval. Moreover, all resources used in my research must be electronic copies and documented.Question Development1. According to the history of the evolution of the concept and definition of CSR, how did CSR bridge to other theories. By answering this question, respondents will be able to know about CSRs evolution and more importantly, respondents will have some brief ideas about the relations built between legitimacy theory, stakeholder theory and CSR. 11. Does CSR affect companies legitimacy? If yes, to what extent do you think it will be? How did the CSR develop under different circumstances? This indicates the core link and gap between legitimacy and CSR. This article shows a trend that more and more companies are requested to report on their interactions with society in various forms which involves the term solicited. 12. When do companies become voluntary or solicited?This answer illuminates the truth of growing significance of CSR in worldwide. 13. Which industries are most likely to be affected by the changes in CSR strategies of corporations? Respondents should enter into a deeper thought, although most of the businesses will be affected by CSR issues, only few of them paid high costs on their CSR problems. 14. What are the aspects of those companies to be influenced? By examining this idea, readers gain the knowledge of limitation of the scope of CSR consequence related to legitimacy. 15. What motions would organisations take to balance its legitimacy, CSR strategy and the profitable goals of company? This article studies the relations between environmental and social motions of organisations and organisational legitimacy.This question needs to be asked because that this article shows what loss will happen if CSR strategy is not appropriate. 16. What benefits can CSR strategy bring to corporations by studying business of CSR? Studying business case of CSR may produce some outcomes in good ways which are reducing cost and risk, strengthening legitimacy and reputation, building competitive advantage and creating winwin situations. 17. How is CSR going to affect the futures companies reports?Answering this question will make readers realise how significant the CSR is and how will it enhance social and environmental conditions as to be treated a priority for politicians and other stakeholders. The CSR reporting is not only affecting current companies activities, but also fut ures. 18. Can CSR complement or even replace unalloyed market forces, or state regulation and intervention? This question shows that CSR is so importance that even could be referred to the discussion of replacing state regulation. However, the conclusion is negative. 19. What is the relation between CSR and firm risk in controversial industry sectors? Readers will know the facts in reality of this case.Reference list1. Carroll, AB 1999, Corporate social responsibility evolution of a denitional construct, Business and Society, 38, pp. 268295 2. Tilling, M 2004, Refinements to legitimacy theory in social and environmental accounting, Commerce Research Paper, no. 04-6, ISSN 1441-3906. 3. Van der Laan, SL 2009, The role of theory in explaining motivation for corporate social disclosures voluntary disclosures vs solicited disclosures, The Australasian Accounting Business & Finance Journal, vol. 3, no.4. pp.15.4. Moerman, L & Van der Laan, SL 2005, Social reporting in the tobacco industry all smoke and mirrors, Accounting, Auditing and Accountability Journal, vol. 18, no.3, pp.374-389. 5. Guthrie, J, Cuganesan, S & Ward, L 2006, Legitimacy theory a story of reporting social and environmental matters within the Australian food and beverage industry, The Fifth Asia Pacific Interdisciplinary Research in Accounting Conference, p.1-35. 6. Emtairah, T & Mont, O 2008, Gaining legitimacy in contemporary world environmental and social activities of organisations, Int. J. Sustainable Society, vol. 1, no. 2, pp.134148.7. Carroll, AB & Shabana, KM 2010, The business case for corporate social responsibility a review of concepts, research and practice, global Journal of Management Reviews, vol. 12, no.1, pp. 85-105. 8. Maguire, M 2011, The future of corporate social responsibility reporting, Issues In Brief, vol. 1, no. 1. 9. Jones, B & Nisbet, P 2011, Shareholder value versus stakeholder values CSR and nancialisation in global food rms, Socio-Economic Review, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 287-314. 10. Jo, H & Na, H 2012, Does CSR Reduce Firm Risk? Evidence from Controversial Industry Sectors, Journal of Business Ethics, flock 110, no. 4, pp. 441-456

National Bank of Borneo Essay

I. NATIONAL BANK OF BORNEOII. COMPANY BACKGROUNDNational expatriatek of Borneo is one of topical anesthetic banks in Brunei. Its establishment was obligated(predicate) to Mr. Khoo Teck Puat the father of the detained Khoo relegate Hock. Mr. Khoo Teck Puat is a son of a rich trader, who in 1933 merged several banks together to form Singapores biggest, OCBC or Overseas- Chinese Banking Corporation. After his impeded rise in the position, he left and went to Malaysia.In Malaysia he founded Malaysian Banking and very rapidly he was able to open degree centigrade branches in just one year. In six years time, the bank that he founded equal that of OCBC in Singapore, with this he was able to own 60% of Malayan Banking. Seven years later the Malayan Central Bank or BN Bank of Negara forced Khoo out, alleging excessive lending to his own companies.After leaving Malayan Banking he retained his interest in the banks branch in Brunei. This branch was about to be closed in 1962 but with the sustain of share investment by the royal company, the bank now called National Bank of Borneo prospered.National Bank of Borneo is a bank which is the larger of the two local banks in Borneo. It has advances of $ 1.128 billion, deposits of $ 1.147 billion, total capital and reserves of $ 199.4 million, and a post tax profit of $ 31.1 million.III. VIEWPOINTIV. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEMOne case from Brunei concerns Khoo Teck Phuat and his son Khoo Ban Hock. The latter was managing director of NBB w. Under his charge, the bank loaned more than Brunei $1 billion (which is equivalent to Singapore $1 billion) to companies controlled by his father. These loans were undocumented andunsecured. It was claimed that these offences under Brunei banking laws by Khoo Ban Hock were committed under the control and his direction of his father.When this dishonesty was discovered, the younger Khoo was sentenced to 3 years jail but later only served two. The elder Mr Khoo was non charged, but it was u nderstood that he made restitution of about S$600 million to cover the losses suffered by various party. Mr Khoo Teck Puat later went on to go away a billionaire, and was of the largest shareholders in megabank Standard Chartered when he died in 2004. However, after the NBB scandal, he kept a low profile.

Macbeth- ‘Film Proposal’ Rationale

I was given the brief that, if I was a director how would I compose work on Macbeth on Act One, Scene Three of the adopt? I would begin by thinking on how I will present the following to the audience the setting, the atmosphere, themes, characters and photographic camera shots. I would decide to try and set the scene around 1000 AD and to do this I think that on that point should be no bright as a new penny(predicate) colours used. Traditional requirements claim to be employed such as the transport would be by horse, and food which has been home produced e.g. chickens. To create the atmosphere I would require a large variety of types of music. For example, a sad atmosphere I might use soft music from a flute, the typical sparing bagpipes might create a happy atmosphere, while during the witches scene the sound of thunder could be heard in the background.In the third scene there are five different types of characters. I think that Macbeth and Banquo should both look strong and n ot cleanly shaven and I think that Macbeth should be actually dirty, this would emphasize how brave (1.2.16) and noble (1.3.67) he is. Both Macbeth and Banquos clothes should be torn in places and looking exhausted. Macbeth could have a bearded? Ross and Angus need to have a clearer appearance and both should be cleanly shaven. All four of these characters should all express very clearly to remind the audience the time of the setting of the play. I would like the three witches to look extremely ugly with facial hair i.e. moustache, long fingernails, long scruffy hair and warts. The uses of masks could make them look very unattractive. They should speak very crockery and very slowing and abnormal.I would want to highlight a number of themes, one of them being the theme of supernatural. This theme is brought up during the witchs scene at the beginning of scene three. I would like the audience to believe that they are inhuman and weird (1.3.30). I will create this theme by making the witchs unclear with the use of smoke therefore things which are unclear in that sense are abnormal/supernatural. I will also use special do to make the three witches vanish (1.3.77). Their general appearance as described above will make them look extremely mythical.I think that I would need to highlight the theme light against dark, this is what he says to other characters (light) and what he expresses to the audience what other characters cant hear (dark). This theme is used a number of times during the play and is used twice during the third scene. Macbeth hides his excitement and a clear example of this is when Macbeth quotes to Ross, Why do you dress me in borrowd robes? (1.3.107-108), this robe symbolizes his new title Thane of Cawdor. plot on line 117, Macbeth, aside, appears to be very excited by new potential titles and quotes, Glamis and Thane of Cawdor The greatest is behind. (1.3.116-117), this statement is only expressed to the audience.

At I essentially am not in madness Essay

That I essentially am not in daftness, But mad in Craft guide the importance of pretension and acting in hamlet. Do you entirely agree with hamlets claim? The idea of a character feigning flakiness is commonplace in great literary works many authors use it to show the sanity of a character. Shakespeare has used this idea throughout the short-change, Hamlet. In this masterpiece, on that point is much debate around the protagonist, Hamlet, and whether his daftness was real or feigned literary scholars have debated this for more than four hundred years.Shakespeare uses a theme of madness in this contribute to illustrate how cardinal must use deception in order to deceive others to reach the truth. Thus, in this joke, the tragic hero contemplates his protest moral judgements and in the process is considered mad. Hamlet claims to feign his madness, as he says to Horatio and Marcellus in Act 1 Scene 5, How strange or odd nearlyer I bear myself- As I perchance hereafter shall think meet To Put an antic appetency on. This quote illustrates how Hamlet intends to bear upon to be mad in order to reach the truth within this court, which Hamlet describes as, out of joint, which once again highlights the disordered show of affairs. However, society has an take down greater effect on Hamlet because his madness could be a sign of his inability to determine between right and wrong and to make charm decisions in the context of his society. Towards the opening of the draw, in Act 1 Scene 2, Hamlet says to his mother, Gertrude, Nay it is. I know not what seems. Thus, Hamlet is saying he does not what it is to pretend because he only knows what it is to be. This quotation is ironic because it is the crux of the scholarly dispute if Hamlet only knows what it is to be, then his madness must be genuine. In Shakespearian society, it was commonly believed that when an idiosyncratic told a lie they ended up believing it so strongly that they flushtually started to l ive that lie. In this way, Hamlet is a young man who has suffered a series of unfortunate circumstances that could have propagated a descent into madness.Initially his attempt to feign madness could be considered as a method by which he can camouflage his inability to find an emotional catalyst to thrust him into a frenzied state of revenge his response to the ghosts revelation is relatively passive considering the repercussions it will have within the court. Thus, it would seem that perhaps his feigning of madness real manifests itself in reality, as Hamlet struggles to distinguish between all the lies he is forced to tell and enters the spiralling mendacity within the court.In contrast to Hamlet, Ophelia subsequently develops a for sure genuine sanity referable to the death of her father. Throughout the play, Ophelia is manipulated by Shakespeare, as a symbol of innocence because she is not part of the scheming, manipulative court thus, her madness illustrates the effect on the innocent by those manipulating power. Ophelia herself says, I was the more deceived, talking with Hamlet of their love. Her madness whitethorn withal be, to some degree, a product of her plain unrequited love for Hamlet.In Act 3 Scene 1, the parted lovers each illustrate their frustrations with the initiation and their argument may be responsible for displace both further into madness. Ophelia says, O, what a noble mind is here oerthrown, which alludes to Hamlets emotional unbalance that has been poignantly reflected via Shakespeares change from his first-string verse for Hamlets preceding tirade. This could be demonstrative of a whirlwind within Hamlets mind that causes him to abandon all rhyme and indicate both mentally and in his expression of his thoughts.His rudeness and the confused emotions, which he presents before Ophelia may also lead to her later insanity and therefore, Hamlet may feel some guilt that further enhances his own mental instability. Hamlets claim in Act 3 Scene 4 to his mother, That I essentially am not in madness, But mad in Craft, would suggest that Hamlet still retains his finding and motivation and has not started to live his lie. However, it could also be the ramblings of a lost and confused man, caught up in a spiral of emotions.The use of the word craft implies Hamlets cunningness in his advancement to revenge. He appears to think he has manipulated himself so that he retains the upper hand this can be reinforced by Shakespeares use of a play within a play in Act 3 Scene 2. The concept of a play within a play reinforces the idea of pretence and seeming. Hamlets directions to the players serve to illustrate the subtle balance acting and being. Hamlet feels that the purpose of playing is to hold as twere the mirror up to spirit to show virtue her feature. Therefore, acting in Hamlets eyes would be replicating emotions exactly, as though they were real. This is where Shakespeare manipulates the audience because Hamlets defi nition of productive playing may, also, therefore, be reflected in his pretence of madness. In order to feign madness, he must reflect nature exactly and it is here where the distinction becomes dazed because Hamlet himself is treading a fine line, as he attempts to sustain a pretence and thus, it becomes increasingly difficult to determine whether or not he is in fact still pretending as the play progresses.Shakespeares choice to make Hamlet conduct his own play is clearly an attempt to indorse Hamlets manipulative abilities and to a accredited degree to still suggests that he has retained his sanity because it allows him to gauge the response of King Claudius before act in revenge. Therefore, this would suggest that Hamlet is a sly and slightly devious character, perhaps as much so as the rest of the court however, fundamentally, it skill indicate that he is acting logically and methodically via the theatre as his chosen medium.This innate subtly of his manipulation would su ggest there is a certain craft to his revenge that is carefully calculated and thus, it is only his method which may seem extreme and it is not a reflection of his sanity. A defining look that stimulates much scholarly dispute is Act 3 Scene 4, where the ghost reappears to Hamlet in the presence of his mother. The source of the dispute lies in whether on this affair the ghost is real or simply a figment of Hamlets imagination because it is evident that Gertrude cannot see the ghost, This is the very coinage of your brain.This bodiless universe ecstasy Is very cunning in. Shakespeare could here be using Gertrude as a mouth piece, to lead the audience into believing Hamlet is now no longer feigning his madness. However, an important contrast with Ophelias madness is that she rambles and appears to have no rhyme or reason in the words she utters, whereas Hamlet maintains purpose and retains his factors of motivation, such as his resentment towards his mother and women in general.Th is scene is poignant in leading the audience towards their interpretation of Hamlets mental disposition and it is important to recognise that this can also be manipulated by the actors themselves and the way they perform this scene. It is a very emotionally charged scene and the use of dramatic art and theatrical stage devices will have a certain influence on how Hamlets madness is perceived. In conclusion, Hamlet is an unbalanced individual thrown into a state of turmoil, as he has had his fears confirmed by the appearance of his fathers ghost.However, it would seem that Shakespeare, perhaps intentionally, has left a astronomical degree of the interpretation of Hamlets antic disposition to the audience and to the artistic licence of the actors. Whilst this may not have been Shakespeares intention, as he is renowned for his perfectionism and influence on the performances of his plays, it has created a play that is still subject to much literary discussion and intense analysis, in o rder to settle one of literatures greatest disputes one that is likely never to be settled.However, by studying the text it seems that Hamlet is feigning his madness throughout the play but his exuberance and authenticity progresses along with the play. It is an insight in a mind filled with a whirlwind of emotions and Hamlets use of a play would appear to simply reflect his preference to use words rather than actions, as can be seen my many of the play on words he uses in his speech. Hamlet himself says that acting must be an accurate reflection of nature and therefore, Ophelias insanity may have provided inspiration, rather than sending him even further into his own madness.The most influential aspect of the play that has lead to this personal response is the contrast between Hamlet and Ophelias madness. Throughout the play he maintains a high level of thought and emotional complexity and responds to all the actions of those around him, which would suggest that he is not in a worl d of his own created by insanity. Instead he is continually able to refute allegations of insanity when he wants be listened and adhered to, My pulse as yours doth temperately keep time, And makes as healthful music.It is not madness That I have utterd. Thus, it is difficult to reach a resounding decision on his antic disposition due to Shakespeares accurate portrayal of a complex web of emotions however, ultimately, it would seem he desired to reflect the potential for confusion of emotions whilst maintaining the coherency of his tragic hero.Bibliography Hamlet by Shakespeare, edited by Roma Gill, M. A. Cantab. , B. Litt. Oxon. Published by Oxford University Press, 2002. Aniela Baseley 13Fo English Coursework 2005/6.

Simple Pendulum Lab

The Simple Pendulum Objective and Background Objective The Objective of this experiment is to examine the simple harmonic trend and to determine the value of the acceleration due to gravity from the analysis of the period of the simple pendulum. 1 Background There are three equations that will be employ to calculate the period of motion of the simple pendulum. They are the slope of the line of the interpret of T? against L, and the gravity of the pendulum motion.The period of the motion is the time needed for single complete cycle that a pendulum bob swing from the initial position to the other end, and then back to the initial position. 1 The equation to calculate period is, T = 2? Lg Where, T = Period of the motion, measured in s. L = Length of the pendulum, measured in cm. g = Acceleration due to gravity, measured in m/s2. The slope of the line in the graph of T? against L can be used to determine the gravity of the pendulum motion. It is because, y = mx m = T? L= 4 g = Slop e of the line in the graph T? /L. Therefore, to find the gravity of the pendulum motion, we can use the slope of the graph.The slope of the graph is given by the formula, g = 4 m g = Acceleration due to gravity, measured in m/s?. Procedure and Observations Materials * String * rhythm Stick * Stop watch * Stand * Pendulum bob Procedure 1) Materials listed above were taken for the experiment. 2) The pendulum bob was tied tightly with the string. 3) The string with the pendulum bob was hung on the stand. ) A meter stick was used to measure the distance among the centre of mass of the bob and the top of the string. 5) The distance was put down in the observation t fit. 6) The pendulum clunk was held at a distance from the centre and it was released. 8) A stop watch was used to time the time needed to complete ten cycles. 9) The time was recorded in the observation table. 10) Steps 4-7 were repeated four much times with different spaces. Observations L (m) 10T (s) 0. 185 9. 01 0. 3 9 14. 13 0. 595 15. 04 0. 79 17. 58 1 19. 67Diagram of the Pendulum Figure 1 Calculations and Results Method 1 Graph of T2 vs. L Data collected L(m) T2(s2) 0. 18 0. 81 0. 39 1. 99 0. 59 2. 37 0. 79 3. 09 1 3. 86 Hand bony graph ?x ?y Figure 2 The slope can be determined by m=? x? y. So, by taking a value for x x = 0. 4 cm y must then be y = 1. 4 cm m= 1. 4 cm0. 4 cm m=3. 5 The error would be given by ?mm= ? x1x12+ ? x2x22 ?m= m 0. 051. 42+ 0. 050. 42 ?m= 3. 5 0. 051. 42+ 0. 050. 42 ?m=0. 45 The acceleration due to gravity is given by g=4? 2m g=4? 23. 5 g=4? 23. 5 g=11. m/s2 Calculating the error for g would yield ?gg= ? mm2 ?g= g 0. 453. 52 ?g= 11. 30. 453. 52 ?g= 1. 45 m/s2 g=11. 3 m/s2 1. 45 m/s2 Solving for the percentage deflection would give % refraction= Actual value-Expected valueExpected value* cytosine% Expected value=9. 8 m/s2 % deviation= 11. 3 m/s2-9. 8 m/s29. 8 m/s2* ascorbic acid% % deviation= 11. 3 m/s2-9. 8 m/s29. 8 m/s2*100% % deviation= 15. 3% Method 2 L inear Regression leap out graph Figure 3 The equation of the line is given by T2 = 3. 53L + 0. 33 Where m=3. 53 The acceleration due to gravity is given by =4? 2m g=4? 23. 53 g=4? 23. 53 g=11. 1 m/s2 Solving for the percentage deviation would give % deviation= Actual value-Expected valueExpected value* 100% Expected value=9. 8 m/s2 % deviation= 11. 1 m/s2-9. 8 m/s29. 8 m/s2*100% % deviation= 11. 1 m/s2-9. 8 m/s29. 8 m/s2*100% % deviation= 13. 2% Conclusion By comparing these two methods of work out the acceleration due to gravity it is clearly noticeable that there is a difference between the two, when it comes to the accuracy. When calculating g using the hand gaunt graph method it yielded =11. m/s2 1. 45 m/s2. However, when using the linear regression method on excel, it yielded g=11. 1 m/s2. This is clearly closer to the pass judgment value of 9. 8 m/s2. There are several reasons contributing to the conclusion that linear regression is more accurate, than measuring calculat ing the slope attain of a hand drawn graph. First of all, computers are much more accurate than humans. There is no denying the fact that humans are not spotless and no hand drawn graph will be as precise as a computer drawn graph.A ruler was being used, which may lead to believe that the line is perfectly straight, whereas it is actually not. This is clearly noticeable when one zooms in on a hand drawn graph. Another fuss with the ruler is that no matter how hard one tries to measure the distance between two different points, one will never be able to get the exact distance. Computers however, Excel in this case, draw perfectly straight lines. Also the location of line of best fit line, in the hand drawn part of the experiment, was estimated, which obviously leads to an inaccurate result.Excel however, uses the calculation of linear regression to draw the line of best fit and this is extremely accurate, since the exact slope is being calculated by Excel. It is clear that the m ethod of linear regression is more accurate by looking at the percentage deviations for each method. The % deviation for the hand drawn graph yielded 15. 3%, whereas the percentage deviation for the linear regression method only was 13. 2% Even though the linear regression method was more accurate than the hand drawn method, there was still a pretty significant difference, between that value, namely g=11. m/s2, and the expected value of 9. 8 m/s2. This is due to a few sources of error when this experiment was conducted. One of the errors that contributed to this difference was that the length of the string was not exactly measured. Thus, the relation between the length and the period was wrong, leading to false results. Another reason that contributed to the inaccuracy was the fact that when the bob was not swinging the way it was supposed to. It was only supposed to have a linear motion, but it had a slight circular motion, which of course lead to a longer period.This again resulte d in a wrong relation between the period and the length, leading to a wrong result. There was another major aspect to the experiment that lead to this result. Namely the fact one could not come apart where the bob actually started its swinging motion exactly therefore the exact period could not be measured with the stopwatch. It is evident however, that if these errors could have been avoided, the acceleration due to gravity could have been calculated very accurately using the method of linear regression. References 1 PCS 125 Laboratory Manual, 2008

Apple Marketing Strategy Essay

1. orchard apple tree selling Strategy apple has been so successful in these last days thanks to his fresh, imaginative way to think and do its business awinning combination of exceptional crops, great course and design, great strategy, innovative market, sleekand enticing communications.orchard apple tree owes its overwhelming success in the last years to the iPhone and to the smart iPod and iTunes productcombination, a combination of a great hardware piece with great style, great software, great performance, userfriendly interface, with a trustworthy e-business service. The iPod + iTunes halo effect and new great Mac computers andMac OS software did the rest in increase Apple revenue stream.In the 5 years between 2003 to 2008 the Apple share value change magnitude 25 times, from $7.5 to $180 per share. At july2008 prices, before the US Financial Crisis, Apple stock market capitalization was $160 billion.In January 2010 Apple shares topped the $210 mark.But even the best com panies with the best products put up bottleneck factors which often keep off full exploitation ofthe opportunities.The iPod.Few people are aware and few market analysts too that for the first 3 years the iPod was an absolute flop. TheiPod was launched in october 2001, and between 2001 and 2004 iPod sales were between 100-200 thousand unitsper puff, genuinely far from todays 10-20 million units per quarter, and the iPod sales were non even covering theproduct research & burgeon forthment costs.Then, in June-Aug 2004 something happened, and iPod sales began to grow strongly, quarter after quarter. Today,we all bop where the iPod stands, and what a remarkable success it is.The iPod do the fortune of Apple, and it stands out as the major turning point in the company growth.Few people know that the iPod + iTunes business idea was not conceived inside Apple, but was proposed to Appleby an outside source, a music lover and Engineer named Tony Fadell.More on Tony Fadell and on th e iPod marketing on iPod Marketing StrategyThe iPod marks another outstanding result in marketingthe annihilation of competitors.To know more see the analysis onThe iPod competitorsIt should be noted that, since the second generation of iPods in 2002, the iPods were made congruous not only withthe Mac operating systems but with Microsoft Windows operating systems as well.We should ask ourselves (and to Steve Jobs) how many iPods would have been sold if the iPods would had beencompatible only with Mac operating systems?Where the iPod is manufactured and assembledThe iPhone.The pipeline of new products which came out from Apple in the last years is impressive, and overwhelming. In 2007,with the successful launch of the iPhone, Apple has marked another milestone in its development and growth.And moreover, the iPhone enters a market the market of mobile phones a market which is mature, and saturated.Nonetheless, Apple has been able to develop a revolutionary product, and to change th e paradigm in the mobile2. Phone market.The iPhone is 5 years in front of all its competitors. A wonderful product, amazing user interface, great design. It isnot only a mobile phone, it is a product between a mobile phone and a laptop computer. Even calling it asmartphone is not enough.In July 2008 Apple launched the second generation iPhone, the iPhone 3G.The iPhone 3GS.In June 2009 Apple launched its third generation iPhone the iPhone 3GS.The iPhone 3GS has a 3 megapixel autofocus camera, video record and editing capabilities, voice control, longerbattery life, 7.2 Mbps HSDPA internet connection. iPhone 3GS is twice faster than the iPhone 3G.The iPhone 3GSprices $199 for the 16GB model, $299 for the 32GB model.more on the new iPhone 3GS on the iPhone 3GS page.More on iPhone Marketing on the iPhone Marketing Strategy page.Apple did great. no doubt. However Apple has done some serious mistakes.The to the highest degree serious mistakes Apple has done concern marketing and distri bution strategies in Europe.Apple has overlooked the European markets, and absent big numbers in unexploited sales. With better marketingstrategy, better communication and distribution, Apple could have made 300% more revenues in Europe in the last 4years. Apple Marketing in EuropeWe met with with Erik Stannow, Apple Vice President of Marketing for Europe & EMEA.We have been talking withErik Stannow about the marketing and distribution issues of Apple in the European markets and we gave somevaluable suggestions to improve the Apple marketing strategy and distribution in Europe.Well, it seems that in Cupertino they dont guard so much about Europe.Steve JobsIf we talk about Apple success, about Apple great products, we consider to talk about Steve Jobs. Steve Jobs has beenand is the great mind behind all this.Steve Jobs is a genius, he is a magician, too. He is the most skilled guy in introducing new products one morething the most skilled in presenting the backbone features, an d he is a great communicator.Even more important, Steve Jobs has Vision. Vision in the strategy, Vision in the product development, Vision in thealliances.Apple Communication Strategy.Apple communication is sober, intriguing, simple, clear, minimalist and clever. And it has a style of its own. Both inthe tv ads, both in print ads, both in the online communications. A lesson to be learned by many companies in theworld. Well, of course when you have great products it is much easier to entice the costumers, but neverthelessdoing it with style and cleverness is a very good point.It boosts sales, but enhances the brand value too.The famous I am a Mac, I am a PC tv ads are a milestone in communications. Smart, simple, effective andhumiliating (for Microsoft ).More on Apple Communications and on the Apple Commercials I am a Mac I am a PC on the AppleCommunication Strategy page.

How My Brother Brought Home a Wife

Republic of the Philippines Bulacan State University Office of the savant Government City of Malolos, Bulacan Supreme assimilator CouncilS. Y. 2012-2013Ron Elli Q, SantosSenator, Supreme school-age child CouncilChair, Finance CommitteeKrissia Bianca R. De JesusVice President, Supreme school-age child CouncilHead, Legislative BodyJulius S. DadoPresident, Supreme Student CouncilStudent RegentNotedRicardo B. Capule, Jr. Adviser, Student GovernmentRecommending ApprovalDr. Evangeline G. CustodioVice President, Administration and FinanceDr. Nicanor C.Dela Rama, PMEDean, Student Affairs and ServicesApproved ByDr. Mariano C. De JesusUniversity President Resolution Number ______, s. 2012-2013 A colony requesting the bulacan state university administration to release the amount of Php 7,000. 00 for financial assistance for the rock our music intimacy of the learner in the university (romasu) for their skate competition for the upcoming university foundation week WHEREAS, the Student Gov ernment is mandated to promote the social welfare and defend the rights of its constituentsWHEREAS, the Student Government is composed of Supreme Student Council, Local Student Councils, and Satellite Campus Student Councils WHEREAS, the Supreme Student Council is composed of President, Vice President, five Senators, and four Ex-officio Senators WHEREAS, the remaining SG Fund is sufficient to pay this resolution WHEREAS,the fund will be used for financial assistance for the rock our music association of the student in the university (romasu) for their skate competition for the upcoming university foundation week.NOW, THEREFORE, be it resolved that we, the members of the Supreme Student Council seek for the release of PhP7,000. 00to finance this resolution RESOLVED, further mentioned this resolution will be approved by the Bulacan State University President DONE, this 24th of november, in the year of our Lord Two Thousand Twelve at Bulacan State University, City of Malolos, Bulacan . Check to be named toRon Elli Q, Santos Patrick jan d. carpio Senator, Supreme Student Council Students right and welfare Committee

Michel Foucault

Michel Foucault, in the main in his philosophy, has created a system wherein he understands the relations of queen as they are transmuted down in a confederacy (not onethat it is held by individualsand, indeed, it is not so perpetuated), wherein therefinement of discourse oer time exclusivelyows for the standardisation of carriages and and then thatindividuals are encouraged, as yielding bodies, to adhere to this program of normalization.Foucault locates the origins of this process in asylums and prisons, and considers them an knowledge technological development, which he calls technologies of the selfBut I became more and more aware that in all societies there is another type of techniquetechniques which permit individuals to affect, by their own means, a real issuing ofoperations on their own bodies, their own souls, their own thoughts, their own conduct,and this in a air so as to trans social class themselves, modify themselves, and to attain acertain state of perfecti on, happiness, purity, supernatural power. Let us call these kindsof technologies technologies of the self. (Foucault Sexuality and Solitude 367)Foucault locates these technologies of the self at the center of the process ofnormalization that has shifted the process of penalty from an proscribedward display ofpower as in medieval executions to an internal process in which the prisoner becomescomplicit in his own penalty. By employing these technologies of the self an progressively analytical and ever more refined manner power is able to normalize almostall of life and make the distinction between penalization and education trivial.In attempting to diagnose the evolutionary tr discontinue of the manner in which penalisation has been historically meted out throughout the ages, Foucault suggests thatthere has been a gradual evolution from tactics of raw displays of power to more discerning varietys of control. While this might suggest a certain amount of progress in that it is a a dvanced movement towards a less obvious brutal form of maintenance of the statusquo it is nonetheless a pervasive manner of social control and thus the obfuscation ofmeans of social control over the overwhelmage of time, especially since the enlightenment,should not be mistaken for true liberation or the work of existent progress toward a deeper end of recognize some eternal truth about human rights.Whereas medieval golf clubemployed the public display of punishment in intricate and executions of the mostexcruciating form ( such as beheading, drawing and quartering, hanging etc.) to helpmaintain social order by showing the exact result of a failure to comply with law,contemporary society uses more indirect and less loose methods for encouraging itssubjects to adhere to the traditional social order. Indeed, where medieval societies useovert displays of brute force, modern society prefers processes of normalization, whichare less intrusiveAnother instrument used to give area is the normalizing judgment.Instead of strenuous offenders for wrong doings, the administrators with power choose torehabilitate them to attempt to normalize problem individuals and make them a serviceableand law abiding. This type of corrective attempt is used through training techniquesincluding the use of repetition. This could be used in the classroom for a student thatcould not write cursive well enough to pass to the next level. For a punishment, theycould be bespeakd to write cursive sentences over and over again. Additionally, toprovide the society with this normalization or conformity, retaliates become more frequentthan penalties.For those students that tend to fall behind, the prospect of a reward couldbe more appealing to do well than the threat of yet another punishment. This givesindividuals something to strive to achieve and creates incentives for being disciplined.What Is Discipline?Here, we see the ideas of punishment couched in the language of teaching andrehabil itation. What is a deviant behavior is simply a mistaken approach to learning basicsocial rules that fanny be correct and analyzed and subjected to extensive discourse.Moreover, in this instance, there is not altogether the issue of negative reinforcement via the exacting measure of the threat of punishing action in response to a putative misdeed, barely,moreover, there is the address of a metaphorical carrot being extended to theperpetrator of a violation should he pull off to conform to the exact processes that thecaptors. In this movement, this ability to make the punished complicit in his own punishment, is the real power of the indirect method revealed because not only does it notrequire an exercise of power, but allows those being punished to aid in their ownpunishment.This idea of creating docile bodies by means of indirect punishments that seekto examine and to rehabilitate quite than to torture is their chief use. Indeed, for docilebodies are effective because they ar e given the head game of freedom, in being offered achoice between two possibilities they deplete the trappings of volition but when it has been ordained ahead of time for them to choose one of the options of the other this merest veilof volition is quickly revealed as just another discursive element rather than aneffectively real choice with meaning and consequence.Docility is a major advantagebecause it allows the docile body to assist in his own rehabilitation and normalizationand, by extension, his own punishment per se The term docility, or to be docile, means tohave a certain amount of control exercised over you. Foucault says a body is docile thatmay be subjected, used, transformed and alter (Foucault Discipline and Punish,136). Docility was the way in which someone was trained, a way in which someone coldbe molded the like clay to fit the needs of those that are in control. This was done in thearmy, the schoolhouse, essentially anywhere people were subjected to control on aneveryday basis.Docility is nothing more then discipline, where discipline is a policy-makinganatomy of detail (Foucault Discipline and Punish, 139). The body was no longer beatenand abused rather it was explored, broken down and rearranged. Rather then beingdestroyed the body was being entered into a political machine that produced docilebodies. Foucault talks about docile bodies because he is trying to explain the shifts thattook place from the consecrate of torture and the spectacle to the building of the prisons.Thus, the issue here is that by this method the body is forced to undergo a processthat, while substantially different from an experiential perspective than torture, has, as itsobject, a surprisingly transparent aim, which is of course the corresponding ends of enforcing thestability and standard of behavior that is normative and therefore beneficial to theinstitutions of power.Through the universe of such docile bodies who no longer need tobe tortured but inste ad can be subtly goaded towards the process of rehabilitation andergo normalization, the standards of normalcy can be diverted and reinforced withinthe individual by the individual. Indeed, even more ingenious is that, by such a method,in which punishment is rehabilitation, the very distinction between the two begins tobreak down. Punishment becomes a look of identical with the very processes of identification, analysis, and education. Part of the reason for this is that possibility of anend telos of this process, of any sort of true enlightenment, per se, becomes animpossibility, because such refinement and enlightenment leads only further into theconstricting web of discourse.Indeed, since the entire project of enlightenment refuses to end in any categoricalliberation (which is indeed an improbability if not an impossibility) that can bedemonstrated, this should be no surprise. Advances in rationalization and logic only serveto further refine the methods by which processes like normalization take place, allowingthem to be now couched in doctrines of ethics, psychology, and criminology where theycan be used for the creation of docile bodies when in the past the only recourse wouldhave been the use of raw and terrible amounts of force The enquiries have theirmethodological coherence in the at once archaeological and genealogical study ofpractices envisaged simultaneously as a technological type of rationality and as strategicgames of liberties they have their practical coherence in the care brought to the processof putting historico-critical reflections to the test of concrete practices. I do not knowwhether it mustiness be said today that the critical task still entails faith in Enlightenment Icontinue to think that this task requires work on our limits, that is, a patient labor givingform to our impatience for liberty. (Foucault What is Enlightenment? 50)Here, we see that the capital-E Enlightenment has resulted in little more than arefinement of the stra tegic games of liberties, which, of course, serve to do little else to confine one to the rules of the game rather than allow for the possibility of a trueexit, and, similarly the possibility of little-e enlightenment for the individual is equallyimpossible when each enlightenment only furthers the discourse and increases theprocess of education which is the form of expiation in the principle order of thingsanyway.Thus, enlightenment is an increasingly remote quantity whose value remainsunknown and unknowable, while the reality of the increasing and encroaching light ofpunishment is advanced in discourse in such a way that the process of discipline isreinforced through the further and stronger normalization of every single social act, sincethe discourse about these acts to a fault multiples, creating possibilities for discourse where nosuch possibility even existed before.Thus, the teleological goal of the penal system then seem to be one in which it isalmost impossible to distingu ish between education and punishment and, indeed, prisonand the outside world. Through the creation of bourgeois docile bodies, prisonsincreasingly do not require walls because the normalization of every activity makes itsuch that the mere examination of the entirety of ones public links one to the veryconcept of the punishment that looks less and less like a punishment The ideal point ofpenalty today would be an indefinite discipline an interrogation without end, aninvestigation that would be extended without limit to a meticulous and ever moreanalytical observation, a judgment that would at the same time be the constitution of afile that was never closed, the calculated leniency of a penalty that would be interlacedwith the ruthless curiosity of an examination, a procedure that would be at the same timethe permanent measure of a gap in relation to an inaccessible norm and the asymptoticmovement that strives to meet in infinity. (Foucault Discipline and Punish 227)Thus, the conclu sion we reach at the end is that the goal of increasing discoursesince the enlightenment is to make powers reach ever more mobilise but ever morepervasivethe inclusion of discourse into previously verboten areas allows for thenormalization of those areas and with that normalization comes control such that theideas of punishment and rational consideration seem to come within a hairsbreadth ofmerging at the distance of an infinite regress.ReferencesFoucault, Michel. Sexuality and Solitude. On Signs. Marshall Blonsky ed. Baltimore Johns Hopkins Press, 1985.Santos, Tomas. Foucault and the mod Day Panopticon. Retrieved January 05, 2008, at http//www.spelunkephobes.4t.com/foucault_and_the_modern.htmFoucault, Michel. What is Enlightenment. The Foucault Reader. Paul Rabinow, ed. Catherine Porter, trans. New York Pantheon Books, 1984.Foucault, Michel. Discipline and Punish The Birth of Prison. Alan Sheridan, trans. New York Vintage, 1979.